This is the full-required range of ambient operating temperature.
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Battery Chemistry
Primary batteries are not rechargeable since the chemical reaction that produces the electricity is not reversible.
Lithium / sulfur dioxide cells (Li/SO2) are used almost exclusively in military / aerospace applications and have somewhat lower energy density than manganese dioxide-lithium or poly (carbon monofluoride) lithium cells. Their service life and energy density are less than half that of thionyl chloride-lithium cells. For safety, an "emergency" vent structure is required in the hermetically welded case.
Lithium / thionyl chloride batteries (Li/SOCl2) have a cell voltage nominally of 3.6V, a very high energy density, and a good temperature range. The applications are typically computer memory backup power, instruments, and small electronics. The widespread use of this type for consumer applications is limited because of the high cost and concerns about safety and handling. After extended shelf storage times, the lithium anode may start to form a protective film. This film will initially cause a voltage delay when first placed into service. The lithium / thionyl chloride cell also is produced with BrCl additives to yield an increase in cell voltage to 3.9V and an increase in energy density to about 1000Wh/L with overall safer operation.
Lithium / manganese dioxide batteries (LiMnO2) are available as cylindrical cells or as button cells. Their advantages include high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, high pulse capability, long shelf life, and operation over a wide temperature range.
Lithium / carbon monofluoride cells (Li/ (CF)n) are high energy density batteries available for low weight, long life applications. The system uses a solid cathode, organic electrolyte and has an unparalleled safety record. Typical usages include: aerospace (qualified for space use since 1976), terrestrial, marine, and missiles.
Lithium / copper oxide (LI/CuO) and lithium-copper oxyphosphate cells were produced until the mid-1990s, when production was stopped. Currently, the use of this technology is limited.
Lithium iodine cells (LiI2) exhibit outstanding performance (very low self-discharge rate, excellent reliability, very high hermeticity, etc.) but for a limited field of application, in particular for cardiac pacemakers.
Lithium silver vanadium oxide batteries (Li/SVO) are typically manufactured for medically implantable devices such as cardioverter defibrillators, neurostimulators, atrial defibrillators, drug infusion devices, and others.
Available in three major types (lithium / vanadium pentoxide, lithium / thionyl chloride, and lithium / sulfur dioxide), ambient-temperature lithium anode reserve batteries have undiminished power output even after storage periods over fourteen years.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary lithium primary battery.
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Lithium / iron sulfide batteries (LiFeSx) are under development for use in electric vehicles. Operating at a temperature range of 375 - 500°C, the lithium / iron sulfide battery possesses high power, works well in many environments, and is safe, but requires a thermal management system to maintain a proper temperature.
Lithium / manganese titanium rechargeable batteries (LiMnTi) are compact rechargeable batteries developed for rechargeable watches, and backup power supplies for pagers and timers. The batteries employ lithium-manganese complex oxide as cathode material, and lithium-titanium oxide the as the anode material. The batteries provide a capacity that is more than 10 times that of capacitors of the same size.
The lithium-polymer battery differs from other battery systems in the type of electrolyte used. The original design, which dates back to the 1970s, uses a polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte replaces the traditional porous separator, which is soaked with electrolytes. The dry polymer design offers simplifications with respect to fabrication, ruggedness, safety and thin-profile. There is no danger of flammability because no liquid or gelled electrolyte is used. Theoretically, it is possible to create designs that form part of a protective housing, are in the shape of a mat that can be rolled up, or are even embedded into a carrying case or a piece of clothing.
Also referred to as lithium-carbon. The lithium-ion rechargeable cell (Li-ion) refers to a cell whose negative active material is carbon to which lithium cations are intercalated or deintercalated during the charge-discharge process. Li-ion is one of the newer rechargeable battery technologies. These batteries can deliver 40% more capacity than comparably sized NiCd batteries and are one of the lightest rechargeable batteries available today. Li-ion batteries are the batteries of choice in notebook computers, wireless telephones and many camcorder models. They are also one of the more expensive rechargeable technologies.
Lithium / cobalt oxide - The lithium / cobalt oxide cathode battery (LiCoO2) is very light and has an energy density about three times higher than that of the conventional rechargeable batteries. It is now indispensable for the power source of various portable or mobile IT instruments which need reduction of weight and volume. This lithium ion battery will play a significant role from the viewpoint of the environment, as it is replacing rechargeable batteries, which contain harmful elements such as lead and cadmium.
Lithium / nickel oxide - The lithium / nickel oxide positive electrode (LiNiO2), has a capacity almost 40% over currently mass-produced batteries. Many can withstand about 500 charge cycles.
Lithium / manganese oxide - Lithium / manganese oxide batteries (LiMn2O4) are characterized by high energy density, high power density, good storage life and discharge performance, they offer a big advantage over alkaline batteries and their cost is modest.
Vanadium pentoxide (Li/V2O5) is a solid cathode material into which lithium ions are inserted. Discharge plateaus are observed at 3.3 V and 2.4 V. The system is low pressure, so low rate cells do not need to have a safety vent. Vanadium pentoxide is mainly used in reserve batteries but it is likely to be of more importance in rechargeable lithium batteries in the future.
The lithium / manganese dioxide system (Li/MnO2) offers the best balance of performance and safety for consumer replaceable battery applications. They contain liquid organic electrolyte and solid cathode cells.
The reaction in lithium / titanium disulfide batteries (Li/TiS2) occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is a solid cathode material. It has a relatively flat discharge and high energy density.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary lithium secondary battery.
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Battery packs and assemblies are primary or rechargeable batteries packed together with a connector for cellular phones, camcorders, and cordless phones. They are also used for printed circuit board (PCB) level power.
Prismatic cells have slightly lower energy densities than cylindrical cells and are more expensive to manufacture. The design of their venting systems may cause them to bulge if the battery is not used or charged correctly. In this type of cell construction, the anode and cathode are inserted into a rectangular shaped case, with separators between them. This offers improved flexibility when designing battery packs and better use of space than the cylindrical construction method.
Sachet or pouch cells are a relatively new packaging design. The hard casing that typically surrounds the electrodes is replaced by a flexible foil packaging that maximizes the use of space and reduces the weight of the device. Because they can be shaped to fit a specific space, foil pouches are often custom manufactured for special applications.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary specialty cells.
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Aircraft batteries are FAA or PMA approved and may be lead acid or NiCad devices. They are used in aircraft systems such as emergency power, lighting, and turbine starting.
The batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) are rechargeable. They can be lead acid, nickel-iron, NiCad, NiMH, sodium sulfur, lithium, zinc and aluminum air batteries, or flywheels for nonchemical energy storage. Energy density is a main selection criterion for EV batteries.
There are two kinds of marine or recreational vehicle (RV) batteries: deep cycle marine batteries and starting marine batteries. Both kinds of batteries are sealed, maintenance-free, flooded plate types.
These batteries are used where discharging and charging occurs frequently. Solar or photovoltaic (PV) batteries are sealed, maintenance-free, and flooded plate devices.
Telecommunications batteries are sealed and maintenance-free. They stay on float charge for long periods of time and deliver high outputs for short durations.
Stand-by batteries are used in applications such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), emergency lighting, alarm systems, and electronic equipment. UPS batteries are sealed and maintenance-free. They stay on float charge for long periods of time and deliver high outputs for short durations.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary applications.
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