In the forging process, metal is shaped by pressing, pounding, or squeezing under very high pressure, to form parts called forgings. Forging processes include cold forging or heading, impression or closed die, open die, and seamless rolled ring.
Machining centers are machine tools that are used to automatically repeat operations on a workpiece. They are usually numerically controlled. Operations include drilling, reaming, tapping, milling, and boring.
Nut runners are controlled nut drivers, often with torque transducers in the head. They are used in precision fastening and assembly applications, and can be interfaced with SPC software for quality control.