Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 693
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How Digital Laser Material Processing Works: Understanding the Fundamentals of DC Glass and RF Metal Lasers
Description: There are major differences between DC glass and RF metal lasers that impact the speed and quality of laser processing, operator safety, laser service life and requirements for additional support ...
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Surface Imperfections in optical elements
From: Knight Optical Ltd.Description: This article addresses concerns re the MIL Spec standard for inspection of scratches and digs ...
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Current Measurement: Understanding the Specs
From: Artifex EngineeringDescription: A user's guide to choosing - A preamplifier for optical detectors The data sheet of a transimpedance amplifier supplies all of the information required to select a suitable instrument - assuming the ...
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Laser ENgraving and Cutting on Plastics
From: Trotec Laser, Inc.Description: Laser machines from Trotec are used for laser cutting and marking of a wide variety of plastics. Whether you wish to laser cut plastic material or laser engrave polyethylene and silicone - we offer ...
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MEMS sensors play role in LED lighting revolution
From: Mouser Electronics, Inc.Description: LED lighting system costs can be reduced with good control circuit design and component selection. ...
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Multispectral Imaging -moves into the mainstream
From: PIXELTEQDescription: Advances in sensors, filters and apertures are driving the evolution of multispectral imaging to practical commercial systems for use in everything from medical imaging to satellite remote sensing. ...
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Real-time Megapixel Multispectral Bioimaging
From: PIXELTEQDescription: Spectral imaging involves capturing images at multiple wavelengths resulting in a data cube (x, y, ?) that allows materials to be identified by its spectral signature. While hyperspectral imagers can ...
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Ultracompact Fully Integrated MegaPixel Multispectral Imager
From: PIXELTEQDescription: Micro-patterned dichroic filter arrays enable ultracompact real-time imaging spectrometers and multispectral cameras. ...
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Michelson Interferometer Whitepaper
From: LightMachinery Inc.Description: A Michelson interferometer divides a beam of light into two, then recombines the beams using the same beam splitter. Usually, flat mirrors reflect each beam back through the beam splitter, and ...
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Guide to Choosing the Right Light
From: Streamlight, Inc.Description: If you ask yourself a few basic questions and answer based on the information provided here - you can choose a light that will serve you well for a long, long time. ...
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Safety Ratings Explained
From: Streamlight, Inc.Description: When selecting a flashlight, make sure it carries the proper approval ratings. Choosing the correct light for your application requires a thorough understanding of your working environment, and a ...
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Green Energy and CAST Lighting
From: Cast Lighting LLCDescription: There is an ever-increasing demand for energy-efficient lighting and for lighting that addresses other environmental concerns. For this reason, lighting manufacturers have responded in varying degrees ...
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30 V, 2 A High Efficiency CVCC LED Driver
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: This Design Note (DN) is an extension to ON Semiconductor's Evaluation Board User's Manual EVBUM2039/D and features a 30 V max, 2 A version of the off-line, NCL30051 based constant voltage, constant ...
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High Efficiency - Low Cost LED Dimming
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: This circuit can be thought of as having two separate portions. There is a LED management portion and there is a dimmer management and PWM Signal portion. The LED management portion charges the output ...
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Interfacing the NCP1840 LED Driver to an I2C Serial EEPROM
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: The NCP1840 LED driver allows for full programmability of 8 separate LED channels through a simple I2C serial communication interface. Programming is conveniently done by writing to internal registers ...
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Make a White LED Torch Using a Buck Converter
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: Very popular in portable backlight applications, the white LED finds more and more derivatives on adjacent market. Its small package size and light efficient conversion contribute to replace standard ...
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Offline LED Driver Intended for ENERGY STAR® Residential LED Luminaire Applications
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: This reference document describes a built-and-tested, GreenPoint® solution for an isolated 8 W constant current LED driver which is intended to support the residential power factor requirements ...
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Solar LED Lamp Application Using the CAT4139
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: Our age, characterized by the high degree of global industrialization, environmental pollutions and energy shortages, requires developing renewable energy sources. In a variety of renewable energies, ...
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Thermal Considerations for the ON Semiconductor Family of Discrete Constant Current Regulators (CCR) in DPAK, SMC and SMB Packages for Driving LEDs
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: This application note supplements AND8391/D adding thermal information for DPAK, SMB and SMC packages and includes performance data for both FR4 and Thermal (aluminum backed) MCPCB ( Metal Clad PCB) ...
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Thermal Foldback for CAT4101, LED Lighting
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: Increased temperature to a LED decreases its lifetime, therefore thermal considerations need to be taken into account. This application note describes implementation of a thermal foldback technique ...
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Tips and Tricks for Optimizing NCL30000 Based LED Drivers
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: Some LED driver power supply designs have special requirements or need additional features not covered in the existing demo boards and application notes. This document covers some ideas to enhance ...
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Universal Off-Line LED String Driver with PFC
From: ON Semiconductor L.L.C.Description: This Design Note describes an up to 10 watt, off-line universal input, LED string driver with power factor correction (PFC). It incorporates the NCP1014 "mini" boost power factor corrector circuit ...
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Bifocal Miniature Toroidal Shaped X-ray Mirrors
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: We have fabricated a bifocal miniature torodial mirror that horizontally and vertically focuses to two different locations to provide a smaller footprint of beam for grazing-incidence wide-angle ...
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Characterization Techniques for Miniature Low Power X-Ray Tubes
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: An X-ray shielded test chamber has been designed and built that includes a CCD-pinhole camera and energy-dispersive silicon PIN-diode detector for spectrum collection. The use of this chamber is an ...
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Corrosion Resistance of X-ray Windows- DuraBeryllium® Plus
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: DuraBeryllium Plus windows successfully withstand continuous exposure to heated water as well as to other chemicals. A series of tests were completed on DuraBeryllium windows as seen in the test ...
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Geometric Depolarization, Polarization Rotation from Refraction
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: Light changes direction as it passes from one medium to another because of refraction. The orientation of the polarization will also necessarily change in order to preserve orthogonality of the ...
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Guidelines for Cleaning AP3 X-ray Windows
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: The guidelines below must be strictly followed in order to prevent damage to the window. Do NOT touch the window surface with anything, including a cotton swab or soft brush. Physical abrasion can ...
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High-Resolution Stereoscopic TFT-LCD with Wire-Grid Polarizer
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: We developed a 5.5 inch, VGA (640×480×RGB), stereoscopic 3D display using a precisely patterned wire grid polarizer (WGP) with rows of alternating polarization angle. Such a wire grid polarizer is ...
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Improvements in Low Power, End-Window, Transmission-Target X-Ray Tubes
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: End-window transmission-target X-ray tubes are designed for very close anode-to-sample coupling for compact portable XRF instruments. Several recent improvements have been achieved to make these tubes ...
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Miniature X-ray Sources and the Effects of Spot Size on System Performance
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: To gain a better understanding and measure of miniature x-ray sources so that performance can be optimized in your application. ...
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Miniature X-Ray Tubes Utilizing Carbon-Nano Tube Based Cold Cathodes
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: The electron field-emission properties of carbon nanotubes enable the fabrication of cold cathodes for a variety of vacuum device applications. The utilization of these cathodes is an attractive ...
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New, High Performance, Durable Polarizers for Projection Displays
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: Wire-grid polarizers are now available for broadband visible applications. This type of polarizer is very attractive for projection display applications because of its high efficiency, high contrast, ...
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Polarization Measurement Analyzer Alignment and Contrast
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: Measuring performance of a polarizer requires care and attention to detail if precision is desired, particularly when measuring high-contrast polarizers. This paper discusses the impact of ...
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ProFlux® in LCD Projectors
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: In any liquid crystal panel projector, the quality of the projected image depends on the polarization efficiency of the polarizers used in the optical system. ProFlux™ wire grid polarizers ...
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ProFlux® PBS with LCOS
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: A polarizing cube beamsplitter (MacNeille Prism2 as shown in Figure 1.) is the familiar choice for this key function. Optical engineers have accepted the weaknesses of the cube PBS because there did ...
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Skew Ray Analysis
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: Measurement of polarizer performance is an essential step in selecting and troubleshooting the polarizing components in optical systems. To draw appropriate conclusions, however, it is important to ...
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The Display Applications and Physics of the ProFlux® Wire-Grid Polarizer
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: Each year the Society awards the Display of the Year Award to several leading edge display devices or technologies that provide innovative solutions to an information display need. The following paper ...
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Twisted Nematic Reflective Display with Internal Wire Grid Polarizer
From: MOXTEK, Inc.Description: We studied the optical performance of reflective wire grid polarizer designed for visible light. The polarizer reflects Epolarization and transmits H-polarization with low losses. When used in a ...
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AN-0000 - General Opto-coupler Notes
Description: An opto-coupler is a device used to electrically interface between two current- isolated systems. It does this by way of light transmission. ...
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AN-0100 - Using a VMI Opto-coupler in Conjunction with High Voltage Relays
Description: This application is for use in a scanning electron microscope, which has different operating modes. In one mode, a large negative voltage (nominally -10kV) must be applied to an electrode. In the ...
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AN-0200 - OC100HG Push-Pull Driver in Pockels Cells Switching Methods
Description: The OC100HG push-pull configuration is useful for driving strictly capacitive loads or very high resistive impedance loads. Low capacitance loads can be driven at relatively high speeds, while large ...
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AN-0300 - High Voltage Op-Amp Application Using Opto-Couplers
Description: Using a pair of these optocouplers in a push-pull configuration an amplifier may be constructed having a high DC loop gain and a bandwidth constrained primarily by the capacitance and current of the ...
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Frequently Asked Questions about Opto-couplers
Description: Long term Gain Degradation Turn-On/Off Time Thermal Resistance Sensitivity to Incident Light RoHS Compliance Parallel Connections Series Connections Increase Power Rating Gain Current Gain ...
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How Opto-couplers Work
Description: The HV diode is commonly referred to as the "photo diode". The photo diode junctions are light sensitive, which means when the diode is exposed to light while reverse biased, the leakage current ...
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Laser Engraving and Marking Metals
From: Trotec Laser, Inc.Description: Laser marking steel, aluminum, silver, and many other metals. Metals are considered very robust and durable materials and are available in many different types. Laser marking has proved successful for ...
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Machine Vision Adds Capacity, Safety to Road 'Well-Traveled'
Description: Ambient light has been a challenge for machine vision cameras and systems, which had their genesis in the more controlled environments of the industrial production floor. "The most common solution is ...
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Improve Lithium-Ion Battery-Stack Safety in Electric Vehicles by Leveraging Optocouplers to Isolate High Voltages
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: There are many challenges associated with high-voltage Li-ion battery-stack management in all-electric or hybrid automotive applications. Charge and discharge cycles must be monitored and controlled, ...
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Star Ceilings 101
Description: How they work, basic components and installation options ...
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FOOD INSPECTION: Automated system inspects dates at high speed
Description: Because the surfaces of the dates vary in both topology and color, even and uniform white lighting is needed to illuminate them. Four MB-DL406 MetaBright diffuse dome lights 4 in. in diameter from ...
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White Paper: Fiber versus Copper Links:
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: Industrial environments are particularly challenging for data communications network designs for a variety of reasons. Typically rife with electromagnetic interference (EMI), unless every precaution ...
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Fiber Optics in Solar Energy Applications
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: Solar energy has recently become a popular alternative energy source to meet demands around the world due to the fl uctuation of oil/coal prices and global warming issues. Oil is a limited and di ...
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IR WINDOW CERTIFICATION GUIDEBOOK
From: CorDEX Instruments Inc.Description: IR Windows are installed into electrical equipment to enable thermographers to view inside without removing the panels. IR Windows are installed into host electrical equipment which is then certified ...
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IR WINDOW TRANSMISSION GUIDEBOOK
From: CorDEX Instruments Inc.Description: This guidebook explains the factors affecting transmission through an Infrared (IR) window (as used in a practical electrical inspection application). Learn how different IR window types affect your ...
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How Digital Laser Material Processing Technology™ Works: Customer Success Story
Description: Universal's Digital Laser Material Processing Technology ™ is deployed across a broad range of industries and geographical areas, in many different ways. Here is just one example of how our ...
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How Digital Laser Material Processing Works: Cutting, Marking, Engraving, and Photo Imaging
Description: The laser was once described as a solution without a problem. Now, lasers are everywhere: CD players, range- finding systems, and bar-code readers all rely on lasers to serve their function. As you ...
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How Digital Laser Material Processing Works: Non-Contact Material Modification
Description: DLMPT represents the next phase in material modification. It is a non-contact material modification process, which means that the laser does not need to physically contact an object in order to modify ...
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CBTC Connectivity Solutions
From: HUBER+SUHNER AGDescription: Train control enhanced by modern communications technology The overall performance of a rail rapid transit system depends largely on the performance of the automatic train control (ATC) system ...
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On-train fiber optic connectivity
From: HUBER+SUHNER AGDescription: Over the past years, the emergence of Ethernet as an industry standard for communication on-board trains has moved from concept to reality. Pushed by new applications such as on-board passenger ...
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Improve the quality of fiber installations with Extended fiber certification
Description: Learn about the top three growth drivers for fiber networks: greater bandwidth, greater storage demands, and the transition to higher network speeds. ...
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Testing Today's High-Speed Multimode Fiber Infrastructure
Description: Move your private networks in premises and campus environments are moving towards high-speed applications. ...
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Monitoring Pc 4 photodynamic therapy in clinical trials of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma using noninvasive spectroscopy
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: Silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) has emerged as a potentially effective treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Noninvasive reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy ...
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Quantitative morphometric measurements using site selective image cytometry of intact tissue
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: Site selective two-photon tissue image cytometry has previously been successfully applied to measure the number of rare cells in three-dimensional tissue specimens up to cubic millimetres in size. ...
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Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells survive without exogenous VEGF in 3D perfused co-cultures with hepatocytes
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) are generally refractory to extended in vitro culture. In an attempt to recreate some features of the complex set of cues arising from the liver parenchyma, ...
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Scanning light-sheet microscopy in the whole mouse brain with HiLo background rejection
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: High-resolution 3-D imaging of large tissue volumes remains a major challenge in optical microscopy. Commercial macroscopes based on standard wide-field imaging are readily available. When coupled ...
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Simultaneous Transport of Different Localized mRNA Species Revealed by Live-Cell Imaging
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: Intracellular mRNA localization is a common mechanism to achieve asymmetric distributions of proteins. Previous studies have revealed that in a number of cell types, different mRNA species are ...
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Digital Holographic Capture and Optoelectronic Reconstruction for 3D Displays
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: The vertebrate ear benefits from nonlinear mechanical amplification to operate over a vast range of sound intensities. The amplificatory process is thought to emerge from active force production by ...
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Analysis of Output Power Variation under Mismatched Load in Power Amplifier FEM with Directional Coupler
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Directional couplers are used for output power detection and control in both WCDMA and GSM/EDGE Power Amplifier (PA) Front End Modules (FEM). At high values of load VSWR, delivered power shows ...
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Efficiency Improvement of a Handset WCDMA PA Module Using Adaptive Digital Predistortion
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Adaptive Digital Predistortion (DPD) is applied to a spec-compliant class-AB GaAs HBT PA module for WCDMA handsets. It is shown that, by using a re-optimized load line, the efficiency can be increased ...
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Multi-device Optimization for Scalable Linear HEMT Model
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: A novel approach for extracting scalable linear hemt model is proposed. scaling rules with unknown coefficients are assumed for each model parameter, which correlated model parameters among different ...
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40Gb Ethernet QSFP+ Transceiver, Interoperable with 10GBASE-SR up to 100 m
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: Avago Technologies is the fi rst fi ber optic module vendor to product release a fully compliant 40Gb Ethernet QSFP+ optical transceiver. Leveraging its history in delivering 850nm VCSEL based ...
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Color Quality of Light
From: J.W. Speaker CorporationDescription: The same strawberry looks vastly different under different lighting conditions (daylight on the left, light where the red wavelengths have been filtered out on the right) The Kelvin Scale is used to ...
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Electromagnetic Interference
From: J.W. Speaker CorporationDescription: Whether you're an engineer at an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) looking to specify lights for a new vehicle, or an end-user looking to replace some lights on your vehicle, electromagnetic ...
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Infrared Lighting
From: J.W. Speaker CorporationDescription: Infrared light is defined as the band of invisible light found between microwaves and visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum (see the illustration below). Because it is invisible to the naked ...
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Lighting Terminology
From: J.W. Speaker CorporationDescription: The world of lighting has undergone many changes in the last century. The up-side of this is that we now enjoy some of the brightest, longest-lasting, and most efficient lighting options the world has ...
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Raw vs. Effective Lumens
From: J.W. Speaker CorporationDescription: LED lamp output values (Lumens) can vary dramatically depending on which values are being quoted. The following information may assist selecting the right product for the right application. There are ...
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Why Upgrade to LED?
From: J.W. Speaker CorporationDescription: Of the five human senses, sight accounts for 90% of a driverâ s ability to react to oncoming hazards and dangerous road conditions. This being the case, it stands to reason that headlights are one of ...
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Ensure Safe System Operation with Certified Isolator Devices
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: Isolation components such as optocouplers that are used in applications that have user safety issues as a key aspect must not fail under continuous high-working-voltage bias conditions. Safety hazards ...
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Night Vision Technologies
From: Knight Optical Ltd.Description: Image intensification, Active illumination & Thermal imaging are three techniques used in Night Vision applications ...
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One laser head, one plasma torch, one cutting table
From: Hypertherm, Inc.Description: The fiber laser and plasma systems share similar delivery systems. Neither require any kind of optical alignment between the power source and cutting head. The two thermal cutting processes share many ...
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3D single-particle tracking and optical trap measurements on adhesion proteins
From: OSI OptoelectronicsDescription: A three-dimensional single-particle tracking system was combined with an optical trap to investigate the behavior of transmembrane adhesion proteins ...
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Lighting the Way with LEDs
From: Mouser Electronics, Inc.Description: As the holidays close reality starts to set in. Bills are being delivered, not only for the presents that were purchased, but for power usage during the month of December. The holidays are a time to ...
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Efficient green-light generation from waveguide crystal
From: Photodigm, Inc.Description: Green-light emission is of great interest for many applications, including sensing, fluorescent measurement and projection displays. Recently, micro-projection displays based on red, green and blue ...
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High-power distributed Bragg reflector lasers operating at 1065nm
From: Photodigm, Inc.Description: High-power single-frequency laser diodes emitting around 1065 nm are of interest for a variety of applications including direct replacement of Nd:YAG lasers, spectroscopy, gas-sensing or THz ...
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Lifetime and Reliability
From: Photodigm, Inc.Description: The reliability of semiconductor lasers depends on many factors. Elements contributing to failure include strains in the epitaxial material due to the design, defects introduced during the epitaxial ...
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Optical Feedback in Photodigm's Laser Diodes - Application Note
From: Photodigm, Inc.Description: External feedback effects to semiconductor lasers of all varieties has been well studied [1]-[3]. These feedback effects impact all semiconductor lasers equally from Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers to ...
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Proper Handling and Operating Requirements Laser Diodes
From: Photodigm, Inc.Description: Proper Handling and Operating Requirements Laser Diodes ...
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Rubidium Absorption Spectroscopy
From: Photodigm, Inc.Description: Ultra-high resolution laser spectroscopy of the rubidium atom at 780 nm has numerous applications in sensing, metrology, and aerospace. Despite these opportunities, commercial product development has ...
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Standard Coatings Performance Graphs
Description: In addition to standard antireflective, reflective and beamsplitter coatings, JML designs and coats custom thin film coatings specific to your application. ...
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Calculate the LED Lifetime Performance in Optocouplers to Predict Reliability
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: Optocouplers are used extensively for high-voltage isolation and electrical noise rejection - two essential requirements for transmitting correct information between different voltage potentials ...
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Building Safe and Reliable Electrical Systems with Optocouplers
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: Electrical systems, no matter what their purpose, share three primary requirements: reliable, safe, and long life operation. To ensure safe operation, users must be double insulated from any dangerous ...
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Color Machine Vision Goes Beyond the Visible
Description: he use of color cameras in machine vision applications used to be limited in part by limits to handing the amount of data a color camera could produce, particularly three-chip cameras compared to ...
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LEDs Line Up to Illuminate Web Inspections
Description: Inspecting products such as paper, aluminum, and textiles during the manufacturing process is one of the most challenging tasks for any machine-vision system designer. ...
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Clean Optics:Just Two Easy Steps
From: Trotec Laser, Inc.Description: Clean optics are a basic requirement for perfect cutting and engraving results. The engraving of certain materials like wood or rubber stamp cause more dust than processing other materials. Depending ...
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Optical Fiber Waveguides Augment C4ISR Networks
Description: The increasing demand for less costly and higher performing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTs) solutions within military command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and ...
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Ruggedized RF Photonic Systems Achieve Battlefield SWaP Objectives
Description: nventional copper-based communications systems have several disadvantages that impede the tactical operation of deployed systems. These include the necessity for troops, vehicle and equipment assets ...
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What is Color Temperature?
From: All-Spec IndustriesDescription: One important factor is the color temperature of the light around your workspace. Having the correct color temperature for your task lighting helps reduce eye strain as well as ensure that you see ...
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Evaluation of confocal microscopy system performance
From: Chroma Technology Corp.Description: The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) has been used by scientists to visualize three-dimensional (3D) biological samples. Although this system involves lasers, electronics, optics, and ...
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Fiber Optics: Multimode Transmissions
Description: Designers of electro-optic systems must possess strengths in a variety of fields. It is not unusual for a systems engineer to be proficient in mechanics, dynamics, electronics, sensors and economics. ...
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Fiber Optics: Theory and Applications
Description: The science of fiber optics deals with the transmission or guidance of light (rays or waveguide modes in the optical region of the spectrum) along transparent fibers of glass, plastic, or a similar ...
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Description: The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the key parameter to predict the performances of an I2 tube in low light conditions. In the lowest light conditions, the image quality is highly dependent upon the ...
