Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 374
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Conquering the cold: WirelessHART adapters provide easy and cost-effective retrofit
From: PHOENIX CONTACT USADescription: Because of the cold temperatures, company employees rarely want to step outside to monitor tank levels, which change at very slow rates. This results in the possibility of tank overflow and oil theft. ...
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Accurate System Level Design with Low Noise Amplifier's BlackBox Models
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Following LNAs importance in the communication system chain, it is very important to simulate their performance well at a system level design. A system level design may comprise of many discrete as ...
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ZigBee System Partitioning Considerations
From: Silicon LabsDescription: For end devices and routers that do not require a host processor, the single-chip wireless SoC system partitioning approach delivers the best network performance, the lowest power consumption and the ...
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Multi-lead Organic Air-Cavity Package for High Power High Frequency RFICs
Description: A new air cavity package has been developed and qualified for packaging high power RF components. The package uses the standard outline of a conventional ceramic package. The ceramic dielectric is ...
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The Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks
From: Silicon LabsDescription: Recent advances in semiconductor, networking and material science technologies are driving the ubiquitous deployment of large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Together, these technologies have ...
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The Net Benefits of Single-Chip Integration for ZigBee SoC Solutions
From: Silicon LabsDescription: When developing a 2.4 GHz ZigBee® wireless networking application, designers are often faced with a system partitioning choice: What is the optimal level of integration for a ZigBee connectivity ...
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1/5 Speed Time-to-Market with Emerging Smart Grid Solutions
From: SchroffDescription: "Smart grid" is the latest trend in the energy sector as utilities look to build out an intelligent grid from the utility to the meter. In nearly all market segments today, an abundance of new data is ...
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How Do Magnetic Shields Work?
Description: Magnetic shielding materials re-direct a magnetic field so it lessens the field's influence on the item being shielded. Shielding does not eliminate or destroy magnetic fields, nothing does. It does, ...
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Advanced VNA Cable Measurements
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: This field brief will discuss phase-matching cables, S-parameter definitions as they apply to cable characterization and other cable parameters such as Phase Shift and Group Delay. Advanced ...
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Broadcast Measurements with MS2720T Option 709
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: The performance of AM and FM broadcast stations is regulated in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and in other countries by their own regulatory bodies. Part 73 of the ...
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Effectively Testing 700 NHz Public Safety LTE Braodband and P25 Narrowband Networks
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: In times of great emergency (such as September 11th attacks, Hurricane Katrina, or the 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico) access to reliable, integrated communications and tactical information is ...
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Evaluation of RF Testing
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: Transmission Line and Antenna Testing has become a common test of RF network integrity over the past few years. This relatively new testing methodology is a result of new test equipment evolutions and ...
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Millimeter-wave Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) Measurements
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: While intermodulation distortion measurements are common at microwave frequencies, they are performed less often at mm-wave frequencies sometimes because of the complexity in setting up the ...
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Modern VNA Test Solutions Improve On-Wafer Measurement Efficiency
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: Semiconductor manufacturing test engineers face increased challenges today related to broadband millimeter wave (MMW) on-wafer testing. Developing accurate models often requires measuring frequencies ...
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Receiver Testing with the Anritsu MS2830A Signal Analyzer, MG3710A Vector Signal Generator, and S412E LMR Master
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: Public safety receivers are built to perform in the harshest environments. Physically they appear to be up to any challenge. Some even work under water. Unfortunately, it is not easy to see how they ...
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Understanding PIM
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: This guide is designed to introduce the reader to Passive Intermodulation (PIM). It will discuss what it is and its impact on cellular systems, as well as how the contractor, engineer or field ...
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Understanding VNA Calibration
From: Anritsu CompanyDescription: In this guide, the concept of calibration is presented and discussed in detail. Specific topics to be covered include how to configure the VNA for calibration, types of calibration and calibration ...
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Identifying the Right RFID: Why Knowing the Difference Between HF and UHF is Important For Your Industrial Application
From: TURCK Inc.Description: Industrial manufacturing is constantly adapting to meet the ever-increasing productivity and efficiency demands on the factory floor, and track and trace technologies play an important role in ...
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How to extend your internet connection over 4 miles
Description: The farm operations supervisor, Kurt Tetrick with the United States Department of Agriculture, came to AvaLAN with a problem that needed a cost effective and reliable solution. He needed to extend an ...
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ANN-8803 - Recommended Soldering Techniques
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: When attaching Anaren SMD, chip, flangeless, and flanged resistive products, a good solder joint is critical in achieving maximum performance out of the chip. All Anaren resistive products have a ...
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ANN-8804 - SMD Power Handling Considerations
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: This document describes the power rating of high power surface mount resistive products. Furthermore, techniques for maximizing power handling performance of these parts are detailed. ...
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622 MBd ATM/SONET/SDH PHY Reference Design Development
From: Colby Instruments, Inc.Description: Design issues, test techniques and the resulting measured data from a standardscompliant 622 MBd reference design used in OC-12 ATM/SONET/SDH applications are examined in this paper. This design ...
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Adjust mis-matched delay lines in Cypress Semiconductor Application Note
From: Colby Instruments, Inc.Description: This application note describes the basics of jitter in transmission systems and, using HOTLink™ as the example, shows how it can be analyzed and measured. Specific characterization data is ...
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Dewar-to-Dewar Data Transfer at 2 Gigabits per Second
From: Colby Instruments, Inc.Description: Abstract-Digital circuits have been developed to interface superconductive electronic chips with high speed 50-O transmission lines. Digital data at 2 Gigabits per second was transferred fioin a ...
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NEC Corporation High-resolution Measurement by a High-T Superconductor Sampler
From: Colby Instruments, Inc.Description: Abstract-We measured a signal current waveform by using a high-Ti superconductor (HTS) sampler with a 1-ps delay be tween every sampling point. The maximum time differential obtained in the measured ...
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Synchronizing clock sources for Agilent Pattern Generator 70841B
From: Colby Instruments, Inc.Description: The purpose of this application note is to provide design guidance, test techniques, performance data and suggested layout recommendations for a 622 MBd ATM/SONET/SDH physical layer interface ...
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Identifying the best components for your wireless network
From: PHOENIX CONTACT USADescription: This paper introduces the basic terminology used to describe wireless systems and their accessories. It also covers the basic steps for installing a typical network from designing a concept to the ...
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Optimize Your RF/MW Coaxial Connections
From: RF Industries, Inc.Description: In summary, coaxial connectors range from DC through millimeter-wave frequencies and are available for RF/microwave applications through 125 GHz. Some high-frequency connectors increase in cost as ...
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Avago Technologies' FBAR Filter Technology Designed Into Latest Generation of 4G & LTE Smartphones
From: Avago TechnologiesDescription: The worldwide mobile handset quarterly growth rate remains in the single digits, but shipments of smartphones continue to explode; and with each successive generation, smartphones continue to off er ...
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AIR (A2530E24x) User's Manual for ZigBee applications
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: The A2530E24x User's Manual is an technical information-rich user's guide for those using the AIR A2530E24x AIR module to develop wireless applications for ZigBee Standard applications. The module is ...
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AIR A2530R24x User's Manual for ZigBee Standard applications
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: The A2530R24x User's Manual is an technical information-rich user's guide for those using the AIR A2530R24x AIR module to develop wireless applications for ZigBee Standard applications. The module is ...
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Bringing the Internet of Things to Life
From: Silicon LabsDescription: Industry experts predict that the number of connected devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) will surpass 15 billion nodes by 2015 and reach over 50 billion by 2020. The value of connecting devices ...
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ZigBee Propagation for Smart Metering Networks
From: Silicon LabsDescription: With growing interest in using ZigBee for smart metering HANs in the UK and elsewhere around the world, testing propagation properties of these devices at 2.4 GHz is important to advise technology ...
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The BuNGee Project - Progressing to Live Trials
Description: The initiative named "Beyond Next-Generation Mobile Broadband (BuNGee)" is under way. Organized under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), the BuNGee ...
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How to Simplify the Addition of Wireless Connectivity to Your Embedded Design
From: Silicon LabsDescription: Wireless connectivity continues to expand quickly across all industries as wider varieties of electronic devices and appliances add wireless controls and communications. Consumers are used to the ...
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Passive intermodulation (PIM)
From: HUBER+SUHNER AGDescription: Intermodulation is a system characteristic, where new frequencies in the output are created. A common technical realisation for intermodulation is to use non-linear components, such as diodes. While ...
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A Balanced Wideband VCO for Set-Top TV Tuner Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Modern set-top TV DBS tuner systems require more channel coverage, while maintaining competitive prices. This situation creates tough design goals: to improve performance and simplify design. Balanced ...
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A Dual-Band Switchable IF VCO for GSM/PCS Handsets
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Many of today's handset cellular telephones are multifunctional, multiband units. They are complex RF systems with frequency plans requiring multiple RF sources. To accomplish this, the number of VCOs ...
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Design With PIN Diodes
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: The PIN diode finds wide usage in RF, UHF and microwave circuits. It is fundamentally a device whose impedance, at these frequencies, is controlled by its DC excitation. A unique feature of the PIN ...
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Differential VCO Design for GSM Handset Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: The differential pair of bipolar transistors is the common building block in modern RF integrated circuits. An advantage of this architecture is its high loop gain making it popular for differential ...
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ESD Compliance Testing and Recommended Protection Circuits for GaAs Devices
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Skyworks conducts ESD testing at both the device and system levels. These tests are based on the requirements outlined in: ? ESD Association 2.0 Handbook - Human Body Model (HBM) - Charged Device ...
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Matching Differential Port Devices
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Differential signaling is the primary choice for a low power RF interconnection because it provides superior immunity to noise by offering twice the signal swing for a given supply voltage. The out of ...
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PIN Diode Basics
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: A PIN diode is essentially a variable resistor. To determine the value of this resistance, consider a volume comparable to a typical PIN diode chip, say 20 mil diameter and 2 mils thick. This chip has ...
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Tape and Reel Information - RF Modules
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: The diagrams within this Application Note provide information regarding tape materials, dimensions, adherence to industry standards, and part numbers for placing orders. Carrier tape diagrams are ...
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VCO Design for WLAN Applications in the 2.4-2.5 GHz ISM Band
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: In this application note, two VCO designs applicable for 2.4-2.5 GHz WLAN transceiver functions were demonstrated. It was shown that an RF VCO with a large tuning sensitivity (about 150 MHz/V) could ...
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Enabling Simple, Interoperable Wireless Lighting Control
From: Silicon LabsDescription: With the latest advances in color LED technology, the possibilities for choosing and modifying ambient lighting in the home are greater than ever before. Wireless networking further enables new ...
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ZigBee-based Home Area Networks Enable Smarter Energy Management
From: Silicon LabsDescription: Home Area Networks (HANs) are becoming more prevalent as new wireless home automation and energy management products for controlling entertainment, lighting, climate and security systems hit the mass ...
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A 5 GHz 0.95 dB NF Highly Linear Cascode Floating-Body LNA in 180 nm Floating-Body LNA in 180 nm
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: A 5 GHz CMOS LNA featuring a record 0.95 dB noise-figure is reported. Using an inductively-degenerated cascode topology combined with floating-body transistors and high-Q passives on an SOI substrate, ...
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A High Power Solid State T-R Switch
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Radio transceiver designers are always faced with a dilemma: how to direct the high power transmit signal to the antenna, prevent that signal from entering the sensitive front end of the local ...
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Design Concepts for Semiconductor based Ultra-Linear Varactor Circuits (Invited)
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: For the implementation of RF tunable components, semiconductor based varactors provide advantages in terms of low control voltage, high capacitance density, low packaging costs, high reliability and ...
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Designing Ultra Low Noise Amplifiers for Infrastructure Receiver Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Amplifiers used in wireless infrastructure receiver applications have the key requirements of low noise, high linearity, and unconditional stability. In order to meet these needs, Skyworks has ...
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ESD Considerations for SOI Switch Design
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: This paper proposes a solution that employs transistor self-conduction and circuit design techniques to improve ESD performance for SOI RF switch applications. The primary limitations and challenges ...
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Evaluating pHEMT Process Improvements Using Wafer Level RF Tests
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: To increase production capacity, improve the performance of existing processes, and to introduce new, more advanced process technologies, processes must be evaluated using electrical tests. PCM's are ...
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Extending 2.4 GHz ZigBee Short Range Radio Performance with Skyworks Front-End Modules
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: The IEEE Std 802.15.4TM-2003 [2] sets the requirements for the -85 dBm one percent packet error ratio (PER) minimum sensitivity. The 2.4 GHz receiver link uses offset quadrature phase-shift keying ...
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GaAs Resistor Model Predicting Harmonic, Transient and Breakdown
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: A comprehensive nonlinear model of GaAs resistor is developed based on DC, pulse and power measurements. The model accounts for electrical and thermal feathers such as velocity saturation, ...
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Increasing the Maximum Transmit Power Rating of a Power Amplifier Using a Power Combining Technique
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Today's broadband communications use high order modulation transmission scheme that provide higher spectrum efficiency but with a high crest factor [1,2]. As a result, a linear power amplifier (PA) in ...
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Is There A Shortage Of Good RF Applications Engineers?
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: The RF designer who toils to produce a working system or end product, such as the radio transceiver in a cellular telephone handset or WLAN access point router, has become a "black box" integrator who ...
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Low Distortion Tunable RF Components, a Compound Semiconductor Opportunity
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: An overview is given for the current state-of-the-art of semiconductor based tunable RF elements. For this purpose, semiconductor based capacitive switch banks and varactors are reviewed and compared ...
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Make Accurate Sub-1 dB Make Accurate Sub-1 dB Part 1: Noise Concepts
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: One of the most important capabilities of a radio receiver is its ability to reliably detect very weak RF signals. The circuits of a radio receiver inevitably generate electrical noise, which may mask ...
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Make Accurate Sub-1 dB Noise Figure Measurements Part 2: The Measurements
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: In addition to the actual test sequence, stable low noise figure measurements require careful attention to the equipment selection, laboratory setup, environmental conditions and calibration ...
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Modeling of SOI FET for RF Switch Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: This paper presents the modeling of an SOI FET for RF switch applications. Given that the HF smallsignal predictability, i.e. the insertion loss and the isolation, is a common state of the art, the ...
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Phase Locked Loop Systems Design for Wireless Infrastructure Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Base stations use phase locked loop (PLL) systems to generate either RF or IF local signals to up-convert baseband signals to RF signals or vice versa. There are different ways of integrating PLL ...
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RF Application Trends in the Next Decade
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: In the last two decades, the wireless industry has undergone tremendous change. Today more people use a mobile phone as their primary communication vehicle than a traditional landline. At last count, ...
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RF Switches Guide Signals In Smart Phones
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Smart phones represent the leading edge of RF personal communications, as well as one of the most challenging of RF product designs. These third-generation (3G) cellular multimode, multiband devices ...
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RF/Microwave Solid State Switches
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Solid state switches are ubiquitous in modern RF/microwave systems. They are utilized to control signal flows, select signal sources and for many other applications. These switches are implemented ...
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Skyworks De-embedded Scattering Parameters
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: An integral part of modern RF/microwave circuit design is circuit simulation and evaluation in which scattering parameters (S-parameters) for each element of a system are utilized to predict the ...
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Solid State RF/Microwave Switch Technology: Part 2
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: In part 1 we discussed an overview of RF/microwave switch topologies, PIN diode theory of operation, and some simple PIN diode switch implementations. In part 2 we will discuss more complex PIN diode ...
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Solutions for Radar Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: With steady growth forecasted for the foreseeable future, Skyworks Solutions has developed a number of products specifically designed for radar markets, including materials for phase shifter ...
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SP10T Switch Routes 2G/3G/4G Signals
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Smart phones owe some of their multimode, multiband capabilities to multithrow antenna switches. As mobile handsets evolve, a single antenna switch may handle as many as 10 transmit (Tx) and/or ...
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Strategies for Quality System Deployment
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: A well-structured quality system can become the foundation of a successful organization (see Figure 1). This mechanism allows business processes to be predictable, repeatable and provides a means to ...
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Tackling Multi-Bit Attenuator Designs
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Designing an accurate digital step attenuator (DSA) with outstanding RF/microwave performance requires careful attention to detail and knowledge of semiconductor process variables. ...
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The Impact Of Smartphones On Discrete RF Components
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: The state of technology in electronics has advanced at an ever-increasing pace, and the RF/microwave segment of this market is no exception. We deal with this technology every day, and many of those ...
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Theory and Proposed Method for Determining Large Signal Return Loss or "Hot S22" for Power Amplifiers Using Phase Information
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Power amplifiers (PAs) are a critical functional block in today's wireless communications. They are found in every cell phone, cordless phone, RF remote controller, etc. Any application requiring the ...
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Ultra-Miniature High Linearity SPDT Switch for WLAN Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: In the past few years, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have been blooming around the world as the infrastructure of office and home communication. The increasing demand has motivated the ...
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WiFi™ Front End Module Design for Smart Phone Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: Along with the explosive growth of smart phones, a new wave of the mobile device development is on the way, in which the WiFi enabled cellular phone has been taking an extremely important position. ...
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Intermodulation Distortion in Programmable Attenuators
From: Aeroflex / WeinschelDescription: In recent years, however, wireless communication systems employing complex digital modulation schemes, increased channel capacity, high transmit power and extremely low receiver sensitivity have put ...
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Programmable Attenuators for Wireless Products
From: Aeroflex / WeinschelDescription: Programmable attenuators are widely used in communication test systems and instruments for a variety of applications. The most common use is in spectrum analyzers and test receivers to increase the ...
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Data Security in Networks
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: Power Line Communication (PLC) is a technology for the transmission of signals and data over the existing low-voltage networks, The signals are fed with a high-frequency carrier together with the ...
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What Is An Industrial WLAN Client, And Why Do You Need One?
From: Moxa Inc.Description: The word "client" is perhaps the most abused word in all computer science. "Client/host", "client/server", "client/base", "client/vendor": with all the different ways IT professionals use the word ...
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Wireless Infrastructure Tutorial and Primer
From: L-com, Inc.Description: Wireless communication involves the transport of voice, video and data using Radio Frequency (RF) or Microwaves. Radio Frequency is defined as a rate of oscillation or frequency within a range of ...
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Emergency Communications Restoration
Description: The ever present threats from terrorism and natural disasters have brought to the forefront a renewed focus on emergency backup communications strategies and solutions for federal, state, and ...
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Maximizing Range and Battery Life in Low-Cost Wireless Networks
From: Silicon LabsDescription: The goal for wireless system manufacturers is to provide low-cost, robust nodes that maximize battery life while extending the range of the network as far as possible. Today's developers have a wide ...
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Theory and Application of RF/Microwave Absorbers
Description: This white paper explores the theory and application of microwave absorbers. It includes relevant equations for absorber operation and descriptions of several applications. It also includes a survey ...
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Application and Theory of Dielectric Materials in RF/Microwave Systems
Description: This white paper explores the microscopic basis of dielectrics at the atomic level and the macroscopic basis of dielectrics using Maxwell's equations. It includes theory and equations governing RF and ...
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New Opportunities with HSPA+ and Streaming Video
From: Moxa Inc.Description: The high upload speeds of HSPA+ make it possible to support live video streaming over cellular networks, opening the door to some exciting new remote or mobile video applications. In this article, ...
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Application: Electrometers Use Reed Relays in Their Detection Circuits
Description: Electrometers are used to measure ultra low currents at the sub-pico amp level. Reed relays represent the only technology that can successful switch and pass these small signals without losing signal ...
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Application: Modular Instrumentation Use Reed Relays
Description: There are many types of modular instrumentation platforms: VXI, PXI, PACs, Labview, AXie, USB, GPIB, etc. They all offer several different plug-in boards that carry out singular and/or multiple ...
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Application: Network Analyzers Use RF Reed Relays in Their Detection Circuits
Description: Within the network analyzer's circuitry, the need to attenuate RF signals is necessary; and high frequency reed relays carry out the task with billions of reliable operations. ...
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Application: Oscilloscope Feed Loops Use Reed Relays
Description: Fast digital oscilloscopes have different time ranges to evaluate both slower signals as well as faster pulses. Semiconductor switches offer too much leakage and interaction between ranges, where ...
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Application: RF Attenuators Use Reed Relays
Description: Since attenuators are typically used to calibrate RF signal strength, the switching devices must be very good at handling RF so they don't end up attenuating the signal strength themselves. Recent new ...
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Application: RF Reed Relays Used in Integrated Circuits Performance PCBs
Description: Performance boards are used in conjunction with integrated circuits to directly connect the actual test functions from the test system to the integrated circuit under test. RF reed relays are ...
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Application: Testing IC's Using Reed Relays
Description: Because there are so many gates to be tested, test speed is essential. RF reed relays are specially designed to switch and pass fast digital pulses in a 50 ohm impedance environment while offering ...
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Application: High Frequency Reed Relays for Portable Radio Communication
Description: The reed relay being hermetically sealed and then encapsulated in a rugged over-molded epoxy, can reliably transmit or receive radio frequencies between 3 MHz to 30 MHz. ...
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Application: High Frequency Reed Relays in RF Receivers
Description: RF switches must be employed having the ability to carry the wide range of frequencies without adding any distortion when monitoring worldwide communications via RF receivers. ...
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Application: RF Reed Relays Eliminate Surgical Instruments Left Behind
Description: After the operation, but just before closure of the wound, and electronic transmitter external to the body is turned on and using a matrix of relays, scans for these items. ...
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ETSI EN 300 220-2 - European Standard (Telecommunications series) Part 2: Supplementary parameters not intended for conformity purposes
From: Linx TechnologiesDescription: The present document is part 2 of a multi-part deliverable, covering the Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up ...
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AN-00100 - RF 101: Information for the RF Challenged
From: Linx TechnologiesDescription: This application note goes to great lengths to remove the mysteries of RF. The science of RF is unlike any other area of discipline in electronics. Proficient RF design requires sophisticated test ...
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AN-00125 - Considerations for Operation Within the 260-470MHz Band
From: Linx TechnologiesDescription: This application note is designed to give the reader a basic understanding of the legal and technical considerations for operation of RF devices in the 260MHz to 470 MHz band within the United States. ...
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AN-00126 - Considerations for Operation Within the 902-928MHz Band
From: Linx TechnologiesDescription: This application note is designed to give the reader a basic understanding of the legal and technical considerations for operation of RF devices in the 902MHz to 928MHz band within the United States. ...
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AN-00128 - Data and Bidirectional Transmissions under Part 15.231
From: Linx TechnologiesDescription: For operation within the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for the regulation of all RF devices. These rules are made up of numerous volumes, and unlicensed ...