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Liquid Crystals - Preface
, such as the refractive index coefficient, have "grown" a millionfold from 10-3 to 103 cm2/W. This book is intended to capture the essentials of these fundamental breakthroughs and point out new exciting possibilities, while providing the reader a basic overall grounding in liquid crystal optics
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MICRO: Liquid Lithography
industry researchers such as Conley and Bruce Smith of the Rochester Institute of Technology. Smith says water doped with phosphates or sulfates may create liquid with a higher refractive index than purified water. At Sematech, Conley and others are using organic materials in the hope of raising
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Liquid Cooling a Laser for System Optimization
and refractive index. To have a high overall optical conversion efficiency of light from GaAs diode bars in pumping some solid-state lasers, it is critical for the wavelength of light energy from each emitter to be within a very narrow wavelength band or within 1-2°C of each other. Cooling can help to keep
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MICRO: 'Round the Circuit
the resolution to 65 nm for traditional lithography at the 193-nm wavelength. The technique also holds the potential to achieve 45-nm resolution at the 157-nm wavelength. One key to the successful use of the technique is a favorable refractive index. NIST points out that the refractive index of water
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The Best of Pittcon 2007
Operational Excellence & Lean Six Sigma ), which introduced titration and materials characterization products, measurement instruments and microbalances. Of particular interest was the new LiQC (for liquid quality control) system for simultaneous determination of density, refractive index, pH
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Optical Microfibers: Fundamentals and Applications (.pdf)
the. refractive index of liquids in microfluidic channels," Opt. Lett., 30, 1273 (2005). 13.) J. Villatoro and D. Monzón-Hernández, "Fast detection of hydrogen with nano fiber tapers coated with ultra thin palladium layers," Opt. Express, 13, 5087 (2005). 14.) H. C. Nguyen, B. T. Kuhlmey, E. C. Magi, M. J. Steel
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MICRO: The Hot Button
of the inherent difficulties in developing high-index refractive fluids. "If the index rises, then the absorption coefficient of the heat will change. So depending on that, to what extent will thermal loss be generated? Focus position may change, because if the material changes, then depending
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Optical Level Switch Selection and Wiring Notes (.pdf)
at the head of the device. When no liquid is present, light from the LED is. internally reflected from the dome to the phototransistor. When liquid covers the dome, the. effective refractive index at the dome-liquid boundary changes, allowing some light from the. LED to escape. Thus the amount of light