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SPRING PERFORMANCE - Processing Effects on Residual Stress

From MW Industries

The goal of this paper is to address three key questions. First, what are residual stresses? Second, what
causes them? And third, are they good or bad in terms of performance of springs?

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Spring Washers
Spring washers, sometimes called disc springs, lend their mechanical capabilities to the unique profile of the material: the irregularities of the washer compress with a proportionate resistance to return to their predeflected shape. Spring washers are employed in applications where assemblies need a part to take up play, maintain assembly tension, compensate for expansion or contraction in materials, or to absorb intermittent shock loads and provide a controlled reaction under dynamic loads.
Constant Force Springs
Constant force springs are a variety of extension spring. A strip of steel with a preset curvature is coiled tightly so that each turn of the strip rests on its inner neighbor. The spring is actuated in a pulling, liner motion with the deflection resistance originating from the material's stiffness and spring construction. Unlike other extension springs, a consistent degree of force is exerted despite the degree of deflection.
Power Springs and Spring Motors
Power springs and spring motors are rotational-drive springs that are wound tightly and mounted on an arbor. They are used in applications such as retractable reels, tape measures, and retracting seat belts.
Extension Springs

Helically wound to oppose resistant forces, extension springs have consistent mechanical energy to return to its no-load, compressed position. The ends of the spring are attached to components intended to move apart, with the extension spring providing a reliable return force.

Torsion Springs
Helically wound springs that deflect torque rotationally, torsion springs express mechanical energy through the property of elasticity: the spring action happens when it is twisted rather than compressed or pulled. Despite the name, torsion springs are subject to bending stress--not torsion--as the torque is carried through the length of the wound material.
Topics of Interest

In many cases the residual stresses are one of the main factors, determining the engineering properties of parts and structural components. This factor plays a significant role in fatigue of welded...

2.4 Measurement of Residual Stress Residual stresses after LSP are the stresses remaining in a metal after the shock wave is dispersed. Such residual stresses play a key role in enhancing the...

One of the advantages of ultrasonic techniques for residual stress measurement is that they are non-destructive. Using such techniques, one can measure the residual stresses in the same points many...

Although friction stir welding (FSW) produces minimal distortion, residual stresses are created that impact fatigue and stress corrosion performance. X-ray diffraction residual stress and cold work...

The goal of this work was to determine effects of shot peening (SP) coverage on the compressive residual stress magnitude, depth, and relaxation of residual stresses due to thermal exposure, as well...