Austempering quenches cast iron or carbon steel above the austenite transformation ranges in a medium with a high enough rate of heat transfer to prevent the transformation of high temperature formation products. The process is completed at a temperature that is too low for pearlite to form and too high for martensite to form. Austempering steel involves quenching austenite and holding it at a constant temperature (usually between 450° F and 800° F) above the martensite start temperature (Ms) until transformation to bainite is complete. Bainite has a very fine acicular or feathery structure and a dispersion of cementite (iron carbide) and ferrite (alpha iron). Bainite is tougher than quenched and tempered structures in certain steels at specific hardness levels. The martensite transformation is a diffusionless reaction that proceeds rapidly (at the speed of sound) as a shear wave through the material. The martensite transformation often results in distortion and cracking in conventionally quench and tempered parts. Austempering cast iron results in ausferrite.
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