Series references operate in series with the load. They are typically three-terminal devices. The two most important three-terminal-series references are the buried-zener and bandgap types. The bandgap reference compensates the effect of temperature by subtracting the negative-temperature coefficient voltage of a forward-biased base-emitter junction from a positive-temperature-coefficient proportional-to-absolute temperature (PTAT) voltage. It develops a voltage with a positive temperature coefficient to compensate for the negative temperature coefficient of a transistor's Vbe, maintaining a constant 'bandgap” voltage. Measuring and amplifying the voltage difference between two forward-biased diode junctions generates the PTAT voltage.
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