From Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines

CHAPTER 10: SOLUTIONS

10.3.9 Application Example 10.1: Fuzzy Capacitor Placement in an 11 kV, 34-Bus Distribution System with Lateral Branches under Sinusoidal Operating Conditions:

Q:

Application of the fuzzy set theory for the capacitor allocation problem will be demonstrated for the 34-bus, three-phase, 11 kV radial distribution system of Fig. E10.1.1. The line and load data of this system are given in Tables E10.1.1 and E10.1.2, respectively [32]. One load level with fixed (not switched) capacitors under balanced operating conditions is assumed. The cost of fixed capacitor banks are listed in Table 10.3 where the size of the capacitor ( Q P in kVAr) as a function of the yearly cost ( F cost in $/kVAr) is given by K cfp (e.g., F cost = K cfp Q p).


Figure E10.1.1: Single-line diagram of the 11 kV, 34-bus, 3-phase, radial distribution system [32].
Table E10.1.1: Bus Data [32] of the 11 kV, 34-Bus, 3-Phase, Radial Distribution System (Fig. E10.1.1)

Bus number

Load

Generator

Injected MVAr

MW

MVAr

MW

MVAr

Q min

Q max

1

0.0000

0.0000

0

0

0

0

0

2

0.2300

0.1425

0

0

0

0

0

3

0.0000

0.0000

0

0

0

0

0

4

0.2300

0.1425

0

0

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Products & Services
I/Q Modulators and I/Q Demodulators
I/Q modulators and I/Q demodulators change the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal in order to transmit information. I/Q modulators split an incoming data stream into its in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, mix the resulting signals with local oscillators that are 90º apart in phase, and then combine the outputs vectorially in a 0º mixer.
Web Controllers
Web controllers maintain control functionality over processes with web or sheet rollers.  Control functionality includes maintaining tension of the web, centering on the track, and material feed rates.
Bus Extenders
Bus extenders are used to increase cable lengths for distance-limited bus protocols.
Capacitors
Capacitors are electronic components used for storing charge and energy. In their simplest form, capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric.
Film Capacitors
Film capacitors are insulated with polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polystyrene, or other dielectric materials.

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