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From astisensor.com
Originally the hardness of water was defined as the capacity of water for destroying the lather of soap. The hardness was determined by a titration with a standard soap solution. Metal ions including have the ability to cause hardness. However, today water hardness means the total calcium and magnesium ion concentration expressed as calcium carbonate concentration. With the Iotron Divalent electrode the total water hardness can be determined directly in the range of 1-1000 ppm as calcium carbonate.
Products & Services
Softeners remove the hard calcium and magnesium minerals from water .
Electric and electromagnetic wastewater and water treatment equipment uses electrical charging and magnetic energy to treat water and wastewater.
Ion exchange equipment is used to adjust the ionic content of water.
Titration instruments are used to determine the concentration of dissolved substances. Titration is based on a complete chemical reaction between the specific substance, the analyte, and a reagent or titrant of known concentration that is added to the sample.
Conductivity electrodes are devices that measure the salinity and conductivity of water samples.
Product Announcements
Topics of Interest
Calcium, when complexed with carbonate, contributes to the total water hardness. Calcium is typically introduced to ground water as it passes over limestone, gypsum, gypsiferrons, shale or dolomite.
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Based on molecular modeling studies, new polymers were designed to maximize the interaction energies between polymer molecule and the crystalline surfaces of silica and magnesium silicate. One of...
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Ion exchange is used in two distinct filtration processes. The first is water softening. In this process, ions are removed from the water and replacing them with sodium ions and chloride ions. Ion...
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During groundwater pump-and-treat operations, the removal of inorganic constituents using pH adjustment and precipitation is common. Typically, inorganics such as iron and manganese must be removed...
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The concepts of water conservation and the stringent wastewater discharge regulations have dictated today’s cooling water systems running at higher and higher cycles of concentration. Under such...
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Technical Articles
Determination of Water Hardness (.pdf)
- Analytical Sensors
Simax Glass
- Ceramics and Glass Materials
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