Help with Penetrants and Penetrating Oils specifications:
Composition / Chemistry
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| Chemistry / Constituents: | |||
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| Synthetic / Semi-synthetic | Synthetic fluids, semi-synthetic fluids or greases are based on synthetic compounds like silicone, polyglycol, esters, diesters, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and mixtures of synthetic fluids and water. Synthetic fluids tend to have the highest fire resistance and cost. They contain no petroleum or mineral oil base, but are instead formulated from organic and inorganic alkaline compounds with additives for corrosion inhibition. Synthetic fluids are generally used in a diluted form with concentrations ranging from 3% to 10%. They often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Some synthetics, such as phosphate esters, react or dissolve paint, pipe thread compounds, and electrical insulation. Semi-synthetic fluids are essentially a combination of synthetic and soluble petroleum or mineral oil fluids. The characteristics, cost, and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids fall between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids. | ||
| Petroleum / Mineral Oil | Products contain petroleum or mineral oil constituents, such as fluids and greases. | ||
| Silicone | Products contain silicone-based greases, oils, or fluids. Silicone fluids are synthetic and provide outstanding thermal and dielectric properties. | ||
| PAO / Polyalphaolefin | Polyalphaolefins are synthetic fluids made from olefin or alkene polymer base stocks. Ethylene is an olefin, which is polymerized to make polyethylene polymers. Polyalphaolefin is made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin, an alkene with double carbon bonds. Examples of alpha-olefin are 1-hexane and 1-octene. Polyalphaolefin fluids are used as lubricants, motor oils, heat transfer fluids, and hydraulic oils, which make use of their very good thermal stability properties. | ||
| Polyglycol / Water-Glycol | Polyglycol, glycol, polyalkyene glycol (PAG) and water-glycol fluids are synthetics often used for anti-freeze, circulating coolant, and high water content fluid (HWCF) hydraulic applications. Water-glycol solutions tend to have higher viscosity index values than other compositions. Zinc, cadmium, and magnesium react with water-glycol solutions and should not be used in fluid or coolant systems that contain water-glycol fluids. | ||
| Polyphenyl ether (PPE) / Ether | Polyether or ether-based fluids, such as phenyl ether polymer or polyphenyl ethers (PPEs), are used in applications requiring very high temperatures, high vacuum, and/or radiation resistant lubricant or fluid. PPEs consist of compounds with two-to-ten benzene rings, which are linked together with ether units. PPEs are used in many aerospace, military, and mission critical applications with demanding performance requirements. Polyvinyl ether (PVE) is a hydrofluorocarbon ether lubricant with excellent performance characteristics. PVE is useful in refrigerant system because PVE is miscible in HFC refrigerants. | ||
| Ester / Diester | Fluids are based upon phosphate ester, dibasic ester, polyol ester, and silicate ester or diester compounds. Phosphate esters and other synthetic fluids tend to have the highest fire resistance and cost. They are generally used in a diluted form with concentrations from 3% to 10%. Synthetic fluids often provide the best cooling performance among all cutting fluids. Semi-synthetic fluids are combinations of synthetic and soluble petroleum or mineral oil fluids. The characteristics, cost, and heat transfer performance of semi-synthetic fluids falls between those of synthetic and soluble oil fluids. Some synthetics, such as phosphate esters react, or dissolve paint, pipe thread compounds, and electrical insulation. | ||
| CFC / Chlorofluorocarbon | Fluids are based on halogenated (fluorinated and/or chlorinated) hydrocarbons. Chlorofluorcarbon (CFC), halogenated fluorocarbon (HFC), halogenated chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and perfluorocarbon (PFC) fluids are included in this group. | ||
| Fluoropolymer / PTFE (e.g., Teflon®) | Fluoropolymer solid lubricants include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and are available in various forms, such as powder for dispersion into other fluids or liquid lubricants, sprayable coatings, or solid machinable shapes (e.g., sheets, films, tubes). Teflon®, a registered trademark of DuPont, consists of PTFE. | ||
| Graphite | Hexagonal or flake graphite is a solid lubricant material that maintains a low coefficient of friction up to 400° C (752° F). Graphite has a weak, platelet structure that flakes, shears, or wears away quickly, providing a lubricating action. Hexagonal graphite lubricants are available in various forms, such as powder for dispersion into other fluids or liquid lubricants; sprayable coatings, or solid machinable shapes. | ||
| Molybdenum / Metal Sulphide | Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a solid lubricant that maintains a low coefficient of friction up to 400° C (752° F). MoS2 solid lubricants are available in various forms, such as powder for dispersion into other fluids or liquid lubricants, sprayable coatings, or solid machinable shapes (e.g., sheets, films, tubes). | ||
| Natural (Vegetable Oil / Animal Fat) | Natural vegetable and plant-based products, such as soybean oils, are a renewable resource and an attractive alternative to mineral oils and synthetic fluids. Some natural oils pose fewer risks to workers and have a reduced environmental impact. | ||
| Lithium Complex | Products contain a lithium soap complex thickener. Soap thickeners are mixed with oils to produce greases or high viscosity lubricants. | ||
| Aluminum Complex | Products contain an aluminum soap complex thickener. Soap thickeners are mixed with oils to produce greases or high viscosity lubricants. | ||
| Wax / Stearate | Wax, paraffin, or stearate compounds are useful in lubrication, anti-corrosive, and anti-static applications. | ||
| Specialty / Other | Other unlisted or specialized chemistries. | ||
| Search Logic: | All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches. | ||
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| Straight Oil (Non-soluble) | Straight oils are non-emulsifiable products used in machining operations in an undiluted form. They are composed of base mineral, synthetic or petroleum oils, and often contain polar lubricants like fats, vegetable oils, and esters, as well as extreme pressure additives such as chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus. Straight oils provide the best lubrication and the poorest cooling characteristics among cutting fluids. | ||
| Search Logic: | "Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice. | ||
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| Water Soluble / Emulsion? | Water-soluble and emulsion fluids have high dilution or very low concentration. They include high-water content fluids (HWCF). Soluble oil fluids form an emulsion when mixed with water. The concentrate consists of a base mineral oil and emulsifiers to help produce a stable emulsion. These fluids are used in a diluted form with concentrations ranging from 3% to 10%, and provide good lubrication and heat transfer performance. They are used widely in industry and are the least expensive among all cutting fluids. Water-soluble fluids are used as water-in-oil emulsions or oil-water-emulsions. Water-in-oil emulsions have a continuous phase of oil, and superior lubricating and friction reduction qualities (i.e., metal forming and drawing). Oil-in-water emulsions consist of droplets of oil in a continuous water phase and have better cooling characteristics (i.e., metal cutting fluids and grinding coolants). | ||
| Search Logic: | "Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice. | ||
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Properties
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| Dielectric Strength | Dielectric strength is the maximum voltage field that a material can withstand before electrical breakdown occurs. | ||
| Search Logic: | User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria. | ||
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| Density / Specific Gravity (@15.6°C, 60°F): | Specific gravity is density normalized to water or another standard. Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. | ||
| Search Logic: | User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria. | ||
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| Flash Point | Flash point is the lowest temperature that a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material. The U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) defines a flammable liquid as "any liquid having a flash point below 100° F (37.8° C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 100° F (37.8° C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids." Fire point and autogenous ignition (AIT) are additional properties to consider in applications requiring fire resistant fluids. Fire point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can give off sufficient vapors to form a mixture in air that continuously supports combustion after ignition near the surface of the liquid. Autogenous ignition (AIT) is the temperature at which ignition occurs spontaneously. | ||
| Search Logic: | User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria. | ||
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| Operating / Use Temperature | The operating temperature range for the fluid, oil, grease, or lubricant. | ||
| Search Logic: | User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria. | ||
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Applications & Features
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| Applications | |||
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| Aerospace | Products are designed or suitable for aerospace or aircraft applications. | ||
| Automotive / Transportation | Products are designed or suitable for automotive or transportation applications. | ||
| Bearings | Products are designed or suitable for bearing lubrication applications. | ||
| Combustion Engines | Products are designed or suitable for combustion engine applications. | ||
| Compressors / Piston Pumps | Products are designed or suitable for compressor or piston pump applications. | ||
| Electrical / Electronic | Products are designed or suitable for electrical or electronic applications, such as lubricating contacts or releasing component from molds or dies. | ||
| Food Grade / Contact (FDA H1) | Products are food grade, FDA H1, or similar approved, for lubrication applications in processing equipment where contact with food, beverages, or pharmaceuticals may occur. | ||
| Machine / Gears | Products, such as gear lube or spindle oils, are designed or suitable for machinery, gears, gearing, ways, or final drives. | ||
| Marine | Products are designed or suitable for marine, ship, dockyard, or boat applications. | ||
| MIL-SPEC / Military | Products are designed or suitable for MIL-SPEC or military applications. | ||
| Process Equipment | Products are designed or suitable for process equipment applications. | ||
| Specialty | Other unlisted, proprietary or specialty features, applications or functions. | ||
| Search Logic: | All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches. | ||
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| Features | |||
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| Low / Non-foaming | Fluids do not produce foam or produce only small amounts of foam. Non-foaming characteristics are achieved through the use of additives that break out entrained air. Leaks can introduce air into systems for circulating hydraulic fluid, thermal oil, or grinding coolant. Entrained air can cause pump damage due to cavitation. Foaming can also reduce the cooling ability and the bulk modulus (or stiffness) of the fluid. | ||
| Lubricant | Industrial lubricants are fluids, oils, greases, waxes, and other compounds designed to reduce friction, binding, or wear, exclude water, or provide other specialized characteristics. | ||
| Corrosion Inhibitor / Rust Preventative | Corrosion inhibitors in a coolant or heat transfer fluid prevent internal surfaces from corroding by inhibiting corrosive compounds in the water used to dilute the fluid. Rust preventative oils, greases or fluid products leave a film that physically prevents water or corrosive chemicals from reaching a metal surface. | ||
| Biodegradable | Products are designed or suitable to decompose or break down into harmless chemicals when released into the environment. | ||
| EP (Extreme Pressure / Active) | Extra pressure (EP) additives include chemically active agents such as sulfur, phosphorous, or chlorinated compounds that are reactive and form a film to prevent seizure, sticking or surface adhesion under loads causing high pressure conditions. | ||
| Mold Release / Release Agent | Films form lubricating oils, solid lubricants, waxes, or fluids that prevent other materials from sticking or adhering to an underlying surface. Unlike permanent non-stick coatings, release agents typically require replenishment. Some mold releases fall into this category. | ||
| Aerosol / Spray | Lubricants, coolants, or fluid products are designed or suitable for forming aerosols for spraying or misting applications. Flammable oils or lubricant should not be aerosolized in order to avoid producing an explosion hazard. | ||
| Sealing / Barrier | Products are designed for or providing sealing or barrier functions. | ||
| Water Displacement | Water displacement lubricants or fluids have the ability to displace water from a surface based on wetting or surface energy characteristics. Fluids with low surface energy or interfacial tension compared to water will flow under the water or moisture on a surface. | ||
| Search Logic: | All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches. | ||
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