Alloy 52 is a nickel-iron alloy with a thermal expansion rate similar to soft glasses and ceramics. Typical applications include voltage regulators, conductors, and glass-to-metal hermetic seals.

Composed of iron, nickel and cobalt, Kovar®¹ has thermal expansion characteristics similar to hard glass, making it an excellent choice for glass-to-metal hermetic seals. Kovar® is widely used in the electronics industry.

In addition to excellent glass-to-metal sealing capabilities, nickel-iron alloys with slightly higher iron content provide increased magnetic shielding. LE alloy 49 is used for applications such as solenoid components, glass-to-metal hermetic seals, transformers and power transducers.

With an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, approximately one-tenth that of carbon steel at temperatures up to 400° F, Invar® is often thought of as the material of choice for low expansion nickel alloy applications. The ability to maintain strength at very low temperatures also makes it the optimum choice for containing some liquid gasses.

The coefficient of thermal expansion for LE alloy 42 makes it very well suited for joining to ceramic chips in miniature electronic circuits. A less-expensive alternative to similar electronic nickel alloys, it is used extensively in the automotive, electronic and medical industries.

Offering extremely high initial permeability, HyMu 80®¹ is a nickel-iron alloy containing molybdenum. Uses include transformer cores, telephony and recording devices.

Nickel-iron alloys with higher iron content provide not only magnetic shielding properties but also excellent glass-to-metal sealing capabilities. LE alloy 49 is used for applications such as solenoid components, glass-to-metal hermetic seals, transformers and power transducers.

Used in conjunction with Chromel® in type K thermocouples, Alumel®¹ is made of nickel, manganese, aluminum and silicon.

Used with Alumel® in type K thermocouples and with Constantan in type E thermocouples, Chromel®² is made of nickel and chromium.

Constantan is a copper-nickel alloy used in a variety of thermocouple applications. It is paired with iron, copper and Chromel® to form types J, T and E thermocouples, respectively. Known for its high electrical resistivity and its ability to perform consistently despite changes in temperature, Constantan is also widely used throughout the electronics industry.