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From govtech.net
In treating water for the production of pharmaceuticals, the concentration of gases dissolved in the water plays an important role. In many cases the CO2 content in the raw water has to be further reduced to obtain purified water with a conductivity of < 1.3 ?S/cm (at a temperature of 25°C). Historically, NaOH dosing has been used to control CO2. With chemical dosing CO2 is converted into a carbonate, which can be removed by the RO. The latest state of the art technology for this task is membrane degasification where chemicals are not needed.
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Reverse osmosis (RO) systems force water through a semi-permeable membrane to separate water from a solution of dissolved solids. Applying pressure to the solution causes water and other molecules with a low molecular weight to pass through the membrane.
Dissolved CO2 instruments are analytical devices that measure the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in a liquid sample such as water. They typically include a submerged probe that is covered by a thin organic membrane.
Dissolved oxygen sensors are used to measure the amount of oxygen dissolved in a unit volume of water. In water quality applications, such as aquaculture (including fish farming) and wastewater treatment, the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) must be kept high.
Ion exchange equipment is used to adjust the ionic content of water.
Degassers are used to filter or remove gases from solvents and samples.
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Topics of Interest
In treating water for the production of pharmaceuticals, the concentration of gases dissolved in the water plays an important role. In many cases the CO2 content in the raw water has to be further...
(Read More)
In a typical small flow water system, that contains an RO membrane and Ion Exchange Resin, Liqui-Cel® Membrane Contactors may be able to save the customer thousands of dollars a year in chemical...
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Standard Methods (Ref. 1) has a procedure using nomographs for estimating CO2 concentrations (Method 4500-CO2 B) based on total alkalinity titrations. The method presented here reverses that process...
(Read More)
RO membranes coupled with EDI/CDI technology are rapidly gaining acceptance in the production of high purity water. Coupling the two technologies offers many advantages to the conventional RO mixed...
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The intent of this technical note is to discuss current methods of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) analysis, including their advantages and limitations in the analysis of ultrapure water. For purposes of...
(Read More)
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