HVAC - Heating Reference Materials

Description: When selecting a feed pump for an industrial steam boiler, there are a number of steps to take into account to ensure safe operation. A steam boiler is a pressurized tank, and it is critical that it ...

Description: The question facing many consulting engineers today is whether to specify on/off operation or modulating continuous feed when boiler size is between 250 and 1200 horsepower. To answer this question, ...

Description: As buildings age, so do the major central equipment within the building, making it a prime opportunity for a boiler system retrofit. Older systems typically are made up of non-condensing boilers that ...

Description: An improperly designed exhaust system can contribute to boiler inefficiency, flame ignition failure upon start-up, downtime and unsafe operation. To avoid these problems, there are several criteria to ...

Description: For every 10-degree drop in feedwater temperature, a boiler system loses 1% in efficiency, which is why returning as much hot condensate to the boiler feed tank as possible helps to maximize ...

Description: The Detroit Zoo's Polk Penguin Conservation Center is a 33,000-square-foot, iceberg-shaped structure that is home to more than 80 penguins. The air temperature in the $30 million facility is ...

Description: In an effort to become one of the most energy-efficient universities in the world, Stanford University transitioned from a fossil-fuel-based, combined heat and power system with steam distribution to ...

Description: One of Wisconsin's oldest hospitals operates with four boilers that run on natural gas and fuel oil. The boilers provide steam for building heat, sterilization, humidification and cafeteria functions. ...

Description: Today's published boiler efficiency ratings are calculated by manufacturers using a 15% excess air level. The reason efficiency ratings are calculated using 15% excess air (or 3% O2) is that research ...