In optical systems often it is necessary to isolate a single state of polarization of light. Many interferometric and spectroscopic systems are sensitive to polarization. Polarization can even play a...

Even though fluorescence microscopy has become a routine technique for many applications, demanding requirements from technological advances continue to push the limits. For example, today biological...

The application of fluorescence polarization offers unique advantages over conventional fluorescence imaging and quantitation. In fluorescence polarization studies, fluorophores tied to biological...

First identified in 1962 in sea creatures, fluorescent proteins have proved versatile and extremely useful, as demonstrated by applications they either enable or significantly benefit. The list...

3-D printing could very well be the solution for in vitro diagnostic instruments companies in need of once-costly fluidic manifold prototypes....

There are many different systems for analyzing and representing the color of an object perceived by a human observer. For the purposes of unambiguously specifying the color an observer sees when...

In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a light wave in the material depends on its frequency (wavelength). One of the most well-known examples of dispersion is the...

Nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy is emerging as a powerful technique for the study of biological samples. By combining several different imaging modalities such as multiphoton (MP) fluorescence,...

Polarization sensitive optical systems may contain optical components that are considered non-polarization optics, such as multi-element collection/illumination lenses, relay lenses and...

Optical filters play an important role in enabling applications such as fluorescence microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In these applications there are two distinct types of beams: the illumination...

Nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging is a powerful microscopy technique that has found increasing use in the field of biomedical optics. In NLO imaging, ultrafast laser excitation is used to exploit...

Due to many desirable properties such as high brightness, stability, longevity, and narrow spectral bandwidth, lasers have been advantageously replacing conventional broadband light sources for...

Techniques and formulas will be presented that demonstrate an effective means of characterizing the rigid body motions of optical elements from their nominal positions as caused by manufacturing...

Thin-film filters are the ideal solution for wavelength selection in most optical systems due to exceptionally high transmission (close to 100%), very steep spectral edges, and blocking of optical...

Multicolor fluorescence imaging is ubiquitous in research and clinical applications. When the fluorophores used in such applications have low spectral overlap, standard filter cubes (with fixed...

Fluorescence microscopy is a ubiquitous and continuously evolving technique which permits one to peer into the biological world at the micron length scale and beyond, allowing direct access into the...

Fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the study of biological samples. Ever since the invention of fluorescence microscopy towards the beginning of the 20th century, significant technological...

In multicolored fluorescence microscopy, pixel shift can cause imaging errors, which can lead to erroneous interpretation of biological data [1]. This article highlights some key considerations in the...

Polarization is a fundamental property of light. While many optical applications are based on systems that are "blind" to polarization, a very large number are not. Some applications rely directly on...