Semiconductors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1401 - 1444 of 1444
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A Guide to SPI FRAM Devices
Description: The SPI family of FRAM products offers the market serial high speed, low power, nonvolatile FRAM memory. SPI FRAM memory devices take advantage of FRAM's fast write performance that provides writing ...
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Data Retention Performance of 0.5µm FRAM Products
Description: This document supports the change in the data retention specification from 10 years to 45 years at 85 degrees C. The approved change is based on an activation energy of 1.5 eV and cumulative Quality ...
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Ferroelectric Technology Brief
Description: Established semiconductor memory technologies are divided into two categories: 1. RAMs are Random Access Memories, which simply means that the access time for reads and writes are symmetric. 2. ...
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The Endurance Performance of 0.5µm FRAM Products
Description: Ferroelectric random access memories (FRAMs) are nonvolatile memory devices that store data by using the bi-stable switchable polarization state of a ferroelectric material. Ferroelectric thin films ...
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Linear Piezo Motor Actuator Combining Long Travel, Picometer Resolution and High Forces
Description: Requirements from Semiconductor Industry for Next Generation Actuators ...
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PCI Express®: Selecting the Right Bridge for High Performance Applications
Description: PCI Express (PCIe) is the evolution of the PCI standard, which was developed to meet increasing bandwidth and speed requirements, and to upgrade from a parallel bus architecture to a high speed serial ...
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Agilent: Five Hints for Debugging Microcontroller-Based Designs
Description: Hint 1: Verifying quadrature encoder signals in a motion control system Using a mixed analog and digital signal oscilloscope to simultaneously monitor the signal levels of a quadrature encoder, an ...
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Freescale: Using HC08 Micro Controller Family to Enhance System Security
Description: Prevention of unauthorized reproduction of an embedded system intellectual property (IP) is achievable with the use of a device that provides on-chip IP protection capabilities. An example of such a ...
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Addressing the Signal Integrity Challenges of High Speed Board Designs with Serial RapidIO® Switches
Description: Signal integrity (SI) issues are becoming a major concern for designers of digital hardware. As data rates grow in Wireless Base stations, Radio Network Controllers, Wireline networking infrastructure ...
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Addressing the Signal Integrity Challenges of PowerPC® Designs
Description: The host bridge, sometimes referred to as the 'North Bridge' or the 'System Controller', is the heart of a PowerPC system. With multiple high speed interfaces, the performance of the host bridge is ...
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Connecting Local PCI Interconnect to the VMEbus - Make or Buy?
Description: Companies developing VMEbus products soon discover the need for VMEbus bridging. The question designers ask themselves is whether to make a custom solution or buy a commercially available bridge chip. ...
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Lowering PowerPC® System Cost
Description: The saying, "A penny here, a penny there; pretty soon it adds up to real money" is true in many cases. It is especially true when trying to keep embedded system costs down. While component costs ...
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PCI/X Bridging Techniques
Description: The PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG) is the governing standard body for managing the PCI protocol. In 1992, the first PCI specification was created. The PCI standard allowed multiple semiconductor ...
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Tsi107 vs Marvell Discovery II
Description: Various studies have analyzed real-time software execution to find out where a processor spends its time in an embedded application. By identifying where that time is spent, one can better figure out ...
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Tsi108 and Tsi109 Performance
Description: A summary of latency, PCI-X, and memory bandwidth performance measurements versus a competing host bridge. The Tsi108 and Tsi109 are the superior high performance choices for embedded applications ...
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Tsi310 - Optimize I/O Adapter Card Designs
Description: Tsi310's Optional Base Address Register (offset 0x10) allows an I/O adapter to allocate memory for private devices located on Tsi310's secondary bus (Figure 1). As a result, this feature allows the ...
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Tundra RapidIO® Switches - A Quantum Leap in performance for VME
Description: After 25 years VME is still flourishing. In 1999 Tundra introduced the industry leading UniverseTM, a PCI-to-VME bridge chip. In 2003 the Tundra Tsi148TM PCIx-to-VME Bridge boosted VMEbus bandwidth by ...
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Using Serial RapidIO® to Optimize Baseband Interconnect in DSP-based 3G Base Stations
Description: In wireless infrastructure there has been an ongoing theme of using standardization to drive down infrastructural costs. Standardizing on network interfaces, for example with the 3GPP specification, ...
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Using the Tsi310 to Migrate I/O Adapters
Description: PCI-X has a number of improvements over PCI that make migration from PCI to PCI-X highly desirable in a number of applications. PCI-X is fully backward-compatible with PCI, so any PCI-X device is ...
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Impedance Matching Techniques for Mixers and Detectors - App Note (.pdf)
Description: The use of tables for designing impedance matching filters for real loads is well known [1]. Simple complex loads can often be matched by this technique by incorporating the imaginary portion of the ...
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AN114 Accuracy versus Resolution
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: System error budgets should be developed and analyzed as an integral part of system designs. System engineers must determine the necessary levels of accuracy for system elements such as field sensors, ...
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AN117 Basic Bridge Circuits
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Bridge circuits have been in use for well over 150 years. To date, the bridge is still the most economical circuit technique for accurately measuring resistance. The original bridge circuit topology ...
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AN111 Current Modules Measure Power Factor
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: The "power factor" of AC systems or components is the cosine of the angle by which the AC current leads or lags the applied AC excitation voltage. The physics of inductance and capacitance behavior ...
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AN112 Filtering in Signal Conditioning Modules, SCMs
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Signal conditioning modules, SCMs, used for measuring process control variables such as temperature, pressure, strain, position, speed, level, etc. are always subject to externally induced noise ...
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AN113 Phase Angles and Time Delays
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: As a prerequisite to this Application Note, the reader is encouraged to examine Dataforth's Application Note AN112, Reference 2, which describes the amplitude characteristics and reviews the ...
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AN115 Sampling Law
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Information that varies continuously as a function of time is analog information. Computers are digital devices and, therefore, must convert analog information to a digital format in order to work ...
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AN116 Why Use Isolated Signal Conditioners?
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Isolating power sources and sensor signals is the most effective method for eliminating undesirable ground loop currents and induced electrical noise. Dataforth Signal Conditioning Modules (SCMs) use ...
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Atmel CPLD Reference Designs
From: Atmel CorporationDescription: The first section of this paper describes the development of limitations in I/O connectivity and logic reusability in Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) over their 20- year history. The second ...
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Atmels' USB Wireless LAN Media Access Controller
From: Atmel CorporationDescription: Atmel's AT76C503A is a single-chip USB controller that provides all the processing and functionality required for the Media Access Control (MAC) protocol of wireless LANs at up to 11 Mbps. It focuses ...
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AVR Microcontroller and C Compiler Co-Design
From: Atmel CorporationDescription: High Level Languages (HLLs) are rapidly becoming the standard methodology for embedded microcontrollers due to improved time-to-market and simplified maintenance support. In order to ensure that the ...
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AN201 SCM9B/LDM422/485 RS-485 Connection
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Application Note ...
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AN202 LDM485 to LDM485 to Other RS-485 Devices Configuration
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: For LDM485 or other RS-485 device at the extreme ends of the line: The need for termination depends on data rate, line length, cable electrical characteristics and environment, and if applicable, the ...
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AN501 Thermocouple Voltage-to-temperature Conversion Method
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: When the SCM5B37 thermocouple modules are used to measure temperature, the measured output voltage must often be converted back to temperature. This is readily done with the SCM5B37 series because ...
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AN502 SCM5B Ground Connections and Host System Interfaces
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Use of the ground jumper arrangement on the SCMPB01 and SCMPB02 backpanels depends on the particular host analog-to-digital converter (ADC) system connected to the backpanels and SCM5B modules. This ...
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AN504 Interpreting Drift Specifications
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Read the drift specifications under the "Stability" heading on the appropriate spec sheet. Determine the overall gain of the module by dividing the output range by the input range. 1. Calculating ...
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AN505 Hardware Linearization of Non-Linear Signals
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Many sensors used in industry exhibit a deviation from an ideal (linear) relationship between input and output. For example, a given change in temperature does not give rise to the same change in emf ...
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AN506 ANSI/IEEE C37.90.1-1989 Transient Specification
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Industrial equipment located in the "field" is exposed to electrical noise, power surges, and transient events such as static discharge or lightning strikes. One of the functions of the Dataforth line ...
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AN507 Shield Grounding
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Cable shielding is used primarily to minimize or eliminate capacitively coupled interference from electric fields. When properly implemented, it can also be used to minimize inductive coupling from ...
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AN508 Protecting Signal Lines Against EMI
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: In today's dynamic industrial environments, electronic devices, signal and power wiring, and other electrical plant/process equipment often interact to create "noise" or electromagnetic interference ...
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AN509 SCM5B43 - DC LVDT Input Module
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) provide a method of measuring displacements with very high accuracy and infinite resolution. These type of transducers utilize a precision linear ...
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AN701 SCM7B Thermocouple Modules and CJC
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: When SCM7B37 thermocouple modules are used to measure temperature, the measured output voltage must often be converted back to temperature. This is readily done with the SCM7B37 series because Cold ...
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AN702 SCM7B Frequency and Time Response
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Figures 1 through 4 are the result of performing a 100-run Monte Carlo analysis on the SCM7B filter circuitry in both the frequency and time domains.* In this type of analysis, all component values ...
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AN704 SCM7B Failure Rate Calculation and Prediction
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Failure rate calculations for the SCM7B modules are derived from 1.) the MILHDBK- 217 (Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment), and 2.) Demonstrated Performance. The "Part Stress Analysis" ...
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AN801 DSCA Calibration Procedure
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Using the module data sheet or module top label, determine the input and output ranges of the module. Connect a precision voltage source, current source, frequency source, RTD simulator, resistance or ...