Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Reference Articles 3101 - 3156 of 3156
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Critical Data Power System Cost of Ownership
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Ultimately, the true cost of implementing a power protection infrastructure is measured over the useful life of the equipment and varies based on the scope of the installation. Because many of today's ...
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Sensible Design Criteria for the Critical Data Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) protection can be delivered through a single-module approach or through redundant systems. Redundancy enables higher availability of critical systems and is ...
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UPS Design Topology
From: Exponential PowerDescription: With the vast increase in the number and types of sensitive loads, the term UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is now used to identify devices with power ratings ranging from a few hundred VA, ...
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Effects of Temperature on VRLA Battery Performance
From: Exponential PowerDescription: We would like to think the VRLA battery would have an infinite life - especially if it is not being "used" (cycled) and only remains on continuous charge being maintained for eventual use. However, ...
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General Operation & Considerations of Parallel VRLA Battery Strings
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The numbers of plates that are connected in parallel determine the capacity of a cell. For example, if one set of positive and negative plates is capable of providing 5 ampere hours capacity at the ...
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Critical Power Distribution Architecture
From: Exponential PowerDescription: "High-Availability" power systems require Reliability, Functionality, Maintainability, and Fault Tolerance. The distribution of AC power between your UPS and load equipment will ultimately determine ...
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Designing Redudancy into the Critical Data Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: First, the Bad News: All UPS equipment and switchgear, regardless of manufacturer, should be completely de-energized for preventive maintenance at least once per year. This maintenance generally ...
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Impact of Short Circuits on VRLA Battery Systems
From: Exponential PowerDescription: A "shorted" lead acid battery has the capability of delivering an extremely high current, 100 to 1000 times the typical discharge current used in most applications. Electrical systems using batteries ...
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Impedance Battery Testing According to a Manufacturer of Test Devices
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Internal battery ohmic measurements have been a hot topic amongst battery users and battery manufacturers for the last ten or twelve years. Everyone seems to agree that measuring the internal ...
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Impedance vs. Conductance Testing - One Perspective
From: Exponential PowerDescription: When to replace your battery is a critical and inevitable decision for the battery user. Replace too late and reliability of the battery and the systems they serve to protect will be degraded ...
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Thermal Runaway in VRLA Sealed Batteries
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Valve regulated lead-acid batteries have been known to fall victim to thermal runaway. A number of factors can contribute to this problem, though most common is a combination on high temperature and ...
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Battery Monitoring Perspectives
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Battery monitoring has become a very popular topic, and many companies have either purchased equipment or are in the process of evaluating these systems. This paper discusses why monitoring is ...
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Benefits of Conductance Battery Testing
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Conductance is a measurement of the plate surfaces available for chemical reaction. High relative conductance is a reliable indication of a healthy battery.Conductance declines as the battery fails. ...
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Comparing Harmonics Mitigating to K-Factor Transformers
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The harmonic currents generated by non-linear loads will produce voltage distortion as they interact with the impedance of an electrical distribution system. This voltage distortion can easily reach ...
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Conductance Testing Q & A
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The use of conductance technology to access battery state of health has resulted in a series of questions about conductance testing. The following are answers to come of the most frequently asked ...
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Cost Efficiency Analysis of Harmonics Transformers
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program has gained tremendous popularity since it's inception in 1992. The Energy Star label is now recognized by many as a sign of ...
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Designing Availability into a Critical Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: How are factors such as increased connectivity and the convergence of voice and data impacting computer system availability requirements? And how are network and facility managers responding to these ...
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Explaining 20-Year Battery Warranties
From: Exponential PowerDescription: One of the most confusing issues impacting the lead acid battery industry centers on the interpretation and implementation of the standard 20-year product warranties offered by battery manufacturers. ...
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Frequency Immittance Testing
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Predicting a battery's performance without actually discharging it has long been a topic of great interest. Battery conductance [1-8] and impedance magnitude have proven very useful in predicting ...
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Harmonics and Harmonic Mitigating Transformers (HMTs): FAQs
From: Exponential PowerDescription: This document has been written to provide answers to the more frequently asked questions we have received regarding harmonics and the Harmonic Mitigating Transformer technology used to address them. ...
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Harmonics and IEEE Std 519
From: Exponential PowerDescription: IEEE Std 519 was first introduced in 1981 to provide direction on dealing with harmonics introduced by static power converters and other nonlinear loads so that power quality problems could be ...
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Impact and Benefit of Full-Discharge Battery Testing
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Stationary batteries require care in two distinct areas. The first involves the need to conduct routine inspections of the system which includes collection of operational data while the battery is in ...
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Impact of Blade Servers on the Critical Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Over a span of five to six years, most servers have moved to dual-corded power input design. This change came about to improve Data Centre resilience, this is, to improve the Nines of availability, in ...
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Selecting Harmonics Transformers vs. K-Factor
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The first signs of the incompatibility between conventional building power distribution systems and personal computers became obvious in the mid-1980s as more and more personal computers appeared in ...
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UPS-Genset Compatibility
From: Exponential PowerDescription: UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and generator sets are frequently combined to supply continuous power to sensitive applications such as computers, telecommunication centres, industrial processes, ...
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Reducing Utility Demand Charges
From: Exponential PowerDescription: This is a brief explanation of an important subject matter. If you want to know more about changes you can make that can save you money on your electric bills, get in touch with your electric utility ...
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UPS Planning for Power
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Along with the explosive growth in data-processing equipment over the last decade has come an unyielding demand for high-quality, continuous electrical power. Often, institutional and commercial ...
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US Department of Labor, OSHA Standards for Powered Industrial Truck Batteries
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Powered industrial trucks. - 1910.178 ...
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Current-Sense Transformer Application Design Guidelines
From: Datatronics™Description: The standard for precise current measurement in instrumentation and other high reliability equipment applications has been the current sense transformer. They are accurate, easy to implement, and ...
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Polycarbonate Enclosures 101: A Guide for Specifiers
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: When many in our industry think about electrical enclosures, they think of traditional materials such as carbon steel or stainless steel. That's understandable as these materials continue to dominate ...
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Power Supply Designers Turn to Magnetics Designers for Solutions
From: Premier Magnetics, Inc.Description: In many applications the power supply is the last element to be designed in, a task that often falls on the shoulders of engineers with considerable skills but without much experience in the ...
- White Paper: The Significance of the Intertek ETL Semko Label for the Corrosion Performance of Coated Rigid Metal Conduit
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Design Considerations in Building Shielded Enclosures: Reprinted with Permission from COTS Journal
Description: As electronic systems become more complex, the need to protect against unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes more urgent. Components generating high amounts of electromagnetic radiation ...
- Active Barrier and Power Supply
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Bad Cable or Bad Test Fixture?
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: A common testing problem is determining whether a reported failure is truly a problem with the Device-Under-Test or a problem with the test interface. Test connectors wear out with repeated usage, ...
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Cable Testing Glossary
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: The continuous electrical path between 2 or more points wherein current flows. This path has low resistance, usually less than 5 ohms. The path is constructed with metal parts, such as copper wire, ...
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Causes of Bad Connections
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: Bad connections caused by... ...
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Guidelines for Setting Resistance Testing Thresholds
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: Cable testers measure the resistance between all test points to determine if there are, or are not, connections. Cable testers are used to ensure that cable assemblies do not have OPENS or SHORTS. ...
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Twisted Pair Testing
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: Twisted pairs can be a hassle to build and test but they are necessary in some cables and harnesses. Testing twisted pairs may be confusing at times, but there are tricks to use that will help you ...
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Understanding 2-Wire and 4-Wire Resistance Measurements
From: Cirris Systems Corp.
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Using Voltage to Detect Insulation Defects
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: Here are some guidelines for using voltage to find insulation problems ...
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Measuring Transformer Distributed Capacitance
From: Datatronics™Description: This article is a general discussion of distributed capacitance, Cd, in transformers with emphasis on measurement. We will discuss how capacitance occurs, references to formula for calculating, how ...
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Fiber Optic Rotary Joints
From: Princetel, Inc.
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Switch Mode Power Supplies and their Magnetics
From: Datatronics™Description: In today's day and age the most often used topology for electronic power supplies is that of the Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS), which is a major user of magnetics. In some applications the "older ...
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Temperature Specmanship and Selecting Power Inductors
From: Datatronics™Description: How many datasheets have we, as engineers, reviewed and all of the data we need is there? Well, if your experiences are like mine, very few times if at all. And to compound the problem the data listed ...
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Magnetic Component Alternate Sourcing Strategies
From: Datatronics™Description: Due to the complexities of circuit design and the highly customizable nature of magnetic components, such as transformers and inductors, they are often overlooked by OEMs when it comes to alternate or ...
- Hitachi Solves an AM Radio Interference Problem
- Pump Up Some Savings with Hitachi Variable Frequency Drives
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Design Guidelines - Thick Film Resistors and Patterned Substrates
Description: Guidelines apply to both Al2O3 and ALN (Aluminum Nitride) substrates unless otherwise noted. Dimensions are in inches unless otherwise stated. The above are guidelines only and not to be construed as ...
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Isolation Transformer to Perform Line Leakage or Functional Run Tests
From: Ikonix USADescription: Associated Research strongly recommends the use of an isolation transformer or isolated power source for powering up the Device Under Test (DUT) when performing the Line Leakage or Functional Run ...
- Lead Attachment Techniques
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Power Handling of AIN vs. Al203
Description: Thermal conductivity of a ceramic substrate is an important element when considering the differences between AlN (aluminum nitride) and Al2O3 (alumina). A brief explanation and basic equations follow. ...
- The Leading Edge of Obsolence: The Selenium Suppressor
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Tips For Selecting Relays
From: Magnecraft
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Transformers Technical Notes
From: Avel Lindberg, Inc.
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What Makes a Magnetic Circuit Breaker Trip
Description: A circuit breaker is an electrical switch that automatically opens a circuit when certain electrical conditions are met. In general, circuit breakers open (trip) when the electrical current through a ...