Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Reference Articles 3101 - 3200 of 3258
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Enhancing Short Circuit Safety with Type 2 Coordination for Motor Starters
From: MersenDescription: As of April 26, 2006, suppliers of UL listed Industrial Control Panels (ICP) must clearly label the Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR) of each panel so that users can properly apply them per National ...
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Reduce Arc Flash Energies by Reducing Fuse Ampere Rating
From: MersenDescription: Current-limiting fuses can limit arc flash incident energy to low values provided that the arcing fault current exceeds the fuse's threshold current. Threshold current is defined as the lowest ...
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Reduce Arc Flash Energies by Upgrading to A6D Class RK1-Fuses
From: MersenDescription: Arc flash incident energies can often be significantly reduced by simply replacing UL Class RK5, Class K, and Class H fuses with A6D UL Class RK1 fuses. This is an easy and inexpensive solu¬tion, ...
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Reducing Arc Energies with Current Limiting Fuses
From: MersenDescription: Current limiting fuses can reduce both the magnitude and duration of a fault current. A UL Listed, current limiting fuse must clear a short circuit current in less than one half cycle in its current ...
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2008 Code Digest
From: Cooper Crouse-HindsDescription: Cooper Crouse-Hinds has revised its Code Digest for 2008 to meet the needs of design personnel for a ready reference to equipment and installation ideas in hazardous locations. Selected Articles from ...
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Using Purge and Pressurization to Prevent Explosions
From: Empire Magnetics Inc.Description: We have mentioned in previous articles that there are many types of protection concept. One of the simplest concepts to understand and apply to almost any type of apparatus is purging. Purge, ...
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Designing a Base Station Coil for the HCS410
Description: This application note describes the Excel spreadsheet to design base station coils. The spreadsheet file name is basestaxls. The basic approach used is to choose the driver circuit driving voltage and ...
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SMBus Level-3 Battery Charger/Selector Reference Design Based on the PIC16C73A
Description: The PICREF-5 Reference Design offers a ready-made SMBus Level-3 battery charger/selector solution. ...
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A Method to Determine How Much Power a SOT23 Can Dissipate in an Application
Description: With the introduction of smaller surface mount (SMT) packages, it is becoming increasingly important to know their maximum power handling capability in specific applications. The power dissipation ...
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Interfacing a KEELOQ® Encoder to a PLL Circuit
Description: Most of the recently introduced advanced KEELOQ® Encoders, like the HCS362, HCS365, HCS370 and HCS412, have provisions for controlling a multiple stage RF transmitter or a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) ...
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Operational Amplifier AC Specifications and Applications
Description: This application note defines the ac specifications of voltage feedback operational amplifiers (Op Amps). Directly following these definitions, related amplifier circuits are given where the ...
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Operational Amplifier Topologies and DC Specifications
Description: Operational amplifiers (op amps) are as prolific in analog circuits as salt and pepper is on food. They are sprinkled throughout the sensor data acquisition system, performing a variety of functions. ...
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Passive RFID Basics
Description: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems use radio frequency to identify, locate and track people, assets, and animals. Passive RFID systems are composed of three components an interrogator ...
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Switch Mode Battery Eliminator Based on a PIC16C72A
Description: The PIC16C72A is a member of the PICmicro ® Mid-Range Family of 8-bit, high-speed microcontrollers. The PIC16C72 provides the following features: 5 Channel, 8-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter ...
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TC7136/TC9400 Digital Readout Frequency Meter
Description: Two low-cost integrated circuits can be combined to create a simple digital frequency meter. The combination of a frequency-to-voltage converter (FVC) and a dual-slope, analog-to-digital display ...
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Using Single Supply Operational Amplifiers in Embedded Systems
Description: Beyond the primitive transistor, the operational amplifier is the most basic building block for analog applications. Fundamental functions such as gain, load isolation, signal inversion, level ...
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+/-5V Power Supply Operation with TC7106A/7107A (TC7106A/7107A)
Description: This application note describes how the TC7106/A/7107 3-1/2 digit analog-to-digital converters with liquid crystal display drive can be powered from ±5V power supplies using low cost regulators such ...
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Antenna Circuit Design
Description: Passive RFID tags utilize an induced antenna coil voltage for operation. This induced AC voltage is rectified to provide a voltage source for the device. As the DC voltage reaches a certain level, the ...
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Considerations for Driving Power MOSFETs in High-Current, Switch Mode Regulators
Description: The low on-resistance and high current carrying capability of power MOSFETs make them preferred switching devices in SMPS power supply design. However, designing with these devices is not as ...
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DC Performance Comparisons of CMOS vs Bipolar LDOs When Operating in "Dropout" (Vin = Nominal Vout) Mode (list devices)
Description: More and more, battery operated systems are requiring lower terminal voltages to power internal circuits. Multi-cell designs are rapidly migrating to single-cell architectures to reduce system cost. A ...
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Differential ADC Biasing Techniques, Tips and Tricks
Description: True differential converters can offer many advantages over single-ended input A/D Converters (ADC). In addition to their common mode rejection ability, these converters can also be used to overcome ...
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Digitally Addressable DALI Dimming Ballast App.
Description: This reference design is a high efficiency, high power factor and digital dimming electronic ballast designed to drive rapid start fluorescent lamp types. The design contains an active power factor ...
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Latch-Up Protection for MOSFET Drivers
Description: Most CMOS ICs,given proper conditions, can "latch,"(like an SCR) creating a short circuit from the positive supply voltage to ground. This application note explains how this occurs and what can be ...
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Linear Circuit Devices for Applications in Battery Powered Wireless Systems
Description: Conventional wisdom says smaller is better where battery operated wireless systems are concerned. Higher silicon integration and smaller package technology have shrunk system electronics to the point ...
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Mastering the PIC16C7X A/D Converter
Description: The Analog-to-Digital converter (A/D) is the primary tool that allows analog signals to be quantized into the world of digital electronics. Once the signal is digitally represented, it can be stored, ...
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System Design Practice (TC4426/7/8, TC4426A/7A/8A)
Description: The TC4426/4427/4428 are high-speed power MOSFET drivers built using Microchip Technology's tough CMOS process. They are improved versions of the earlier TC426/427/428 family of high-speed power ...
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Universal Power MOSFET Interface IC (TC4420/9)
Description: The TC4420/4429 are 6A high-speed MOSFET drivers available in an 8-pin SOIC package, 8-pin CerDIP and PDIP packages, and a 5-pin TO-220 package. These parts have additional improvements over the TC429 ...
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Using KEELOQ to Validate Subsystem Compatibility
Description: Proper modular design can make a system more flexible, easier to maintain and update, and most of all, can help get the design completed faster. In fact, modules or subsystems design can happen in ...
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Using the Microchip TC54 Voltage Detector
Description: Microchip's TC54 series of voltage detectors are designed to supersede a variety of discrete comparator circuits and bipolar technology voltage detectors. ...
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Using the TC1142 for Biasing a GaAs Power Amplifier
Description: RF bandwidths for cellular systems such as AMPS, TACS, GSM, TDMA, and CDMA range from 800MHz to 1.0GHz. To provide RF transmissions over this range of frequencies, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) has become ...
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Voltage-to-Frequency/Frequency-to-Voltage Converter
Description: One of the most difficult circuits to build is one which will divide one analog signal by another. Two voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converters can do such division with ease. The numerator is counted ...
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Effect of Electrode Orientation in Arc Flash Testing
From: MersenDescription: The arc flash hazard calculation method proposed in IEEE 1584 is based on tests with the arcing electrodes in a vertical plane and the calorimeters arranged at 90° to this plane. In this paper the ...
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Effects of Harmonic Currents on Semiconductor Fuse Ratings
From: MersenDescription: In power electronic applications, proximity and skin effects cause an increase in the resistance of fuse elements and possible unequal sharing of the total current between multiple parallel elements. ...
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Lead Acid Battery Charger using the PIC14C000
Description: The PIC14C000 comes with several peripherals specifically aimed at the battery market. The programmable reference and onboard comparators are useful for creating charge control circuits, while the ...
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Smart Battery Charger with SMBus Interface
Description: This application note provides the schematics, software listings, and circuit board layout for a PIC16C73 based Smart Battery Charger. The Demo Board, DC101, is available to selected customers through ...
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Implementation of Fast Fourier Transforms
Description: Fourier transforms are one of the fundamental operations in signal processing. In digital computations, Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT) are used to describe, represent, and analyze discrete-time ...
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Interfacing to AC Power Lines
Description: This application note describes a simple method for measuring parameters from the AC power line. Parameters such as zero crossing, frequency, and relative phase can be measured. This method is useful ...
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Design Alternatives To The TC682 For Performing Inverting Voltage Doubler Functions
Description: Creating a negative DC bias voltage from a positive DC supply often is required in battery-powered, portable, hand-held instruments that use a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Many LCDs require a ...
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Linear Voltage Fan Speed Control Using Microchip's TC64X Family
Description: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) fan speed control methodology pulse-width modulates a fan's full-rated power supply voltage at a low frequency, typically 30 Hz. A typical PWM circuit, consisting of a ...
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New Components and Design Methods Bring Intelligence to Battery Charger Applications
Description: New design methods and components bring high intelligence to battery charger and power-management applications. When developing intelligent power management systems, very complex and cumbersome ...
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Power Management in Portable Applications: Charging Lithium-Ion/Lithium-Polymer Batteries
Description: Powering today's portable world poses many challenges for system designers. The use of batteries as a prime power source is on the rise. As a result, a burden has been placed on the system designer to ...
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Simple Synchronous Buck Converter Design - MCP1612
Description: The density of portable electronic equipment requires the design engineer to pay particular attention to a number of important design parameters. For the power conversion circuitry, two of these ...
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Soft-Start Controller For Switching Power Supplies
Description: This technical brief describes a microcontroller based Soft-Start Controller circuit for a switching power supply. Start-up is a stressful time for the power driver section of a switching power ...
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Transformerless Power Supplies: Resistive and Capacitive
Description: There are several ways to convert an AC voltage at a wall receptacle into the DC voltage required by a microcontroller. Traditionally, this has been done with a transformer and rectifier circuit. ...
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Designing with the MCP3551 Delta-Sigma ADC
Description: The MCP3551 delta-sigma ADC is a high resolution converter. This application note discusses various design techniques to follow when using this device. Typical application circuits are discussed ...
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Generating High Voltage Using the PIC16C781/782
Description: The Nixie tube is a device born out of the middle twentieth century, used to display digital information in a human readable format. Basically, it is a high-voltage numerical display. Today, the Nixie ...
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Implementing Auto Baud on dsPIC30F Devices
Description: All current dsPIC30F devices have a UART peripheral with Auto Baud capability. The signal on the UART receive pin (RX pin) can be internally routed to an Input Capture module to time the edges of the ...
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Multiple PWM Output Soft-Start Controller For Switching Power Supplies
Description: This Technical Brief describes a microcontroller-based soft-start controller for power supplies in systems with multiple voltages. Sometimes applications have devices with multiple voltage ...
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Uninterruptible Power Supply Reference Design
Description: At times, power from a wall socket is neither clean nor uninterruptible. Many abnormalities such as blackouts, brownouts, spikes, surges, and noise can occur. Under the best conditions, power ...
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16HV785: Programmable Lead Acid Battery Charger
Description: The 16HV785 provides an unprecedented level of configurability for charging lead battery packs. Its precise, 10-bit Analog-to-Digital converter and high-frequency Pulse-Width Modulator enable the ...
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AC-DC Conversion
Description: In most power electronic applications, the power input is in the form of a 50 Hz or 60 Hz sine-wave AC voltage provided by the electric utility, which is then converted to a DC voltage. Increasingly, ...
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Converting A 5.0V Supply Rail To A Regulated 3.0V
Description: As system designers are forced to produce products with increased features while maintaining a flat or decreasing product cost, advancements in device technology must be considered. To produce ...
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DC/DC Conversion
Description: Closed loop control with linear regulators. Often the voltage source is "incompatible" with the load. A buffer needs to be placed between the source and load to regulate or control the voltage and/or ...
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Design A Load Sharing System Power Path Management with Microchip's Stand-Alone Li-Ion Battery Charger
Description: AN1149 Designing A Li-Ion Battery Charger and Load Sharing System With Microchip's Stand-Alone Li-Ion Battery Charge Management Controller However, most of the time, batteries are designed to be ...
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Intelligent Battery Charger Reference Design
Description: Typically, simple battery chargers do not provide the intelligence to charge different battery technologies or batteries with the same technology but different voltages and capacities. At best, this ...
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Op Amp Precision Design: DC Errors
Description: AN1177 Op Amp Precision Design: DC Errors DC SPECIFICATIONS Author: Kumen Blake Microchip Technology Inc. There are a small number of DC specifications that describe errors at the input of an op amp. ...
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Selecting the Right Battery System for Cost-Sensitive Portable Applications While Maintaining Excellent Quality
Description: AN1088 Selecting the Right Battery System For Cost-Sensitive Portable Applications While Maintaining Excellent Quality BATTERY CHEMISTRIES Author: Brian Chu Microchip Technology Inc. There are three ...
- Signal Chain Design Guide (.pdf)
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Simple Fan Control Solution
Description: Ambient Temperature-Controlled Fan On/Off Switch - the TC620 logic output temperature sensor can work as a local thermostat, turning the cooling fan on and off when the ambient temperature levels ...
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Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Topologies (Part I)
Description: The industry drive toward smaller, lighter and more efficient electronics has led to the development of the Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS). There are several topologies commonly used to implement ...
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Tranformerless Power Supply TechBrief
Description: In most non-battery applications, the power to the microcontroller is normally supplied using a wall mounted transformer, which is then rectified, filtered and regulated. In most applications, this ...
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Understanding Digital Potentiometers Resistor Variations
Description: AN1080 The Step Resistance (R )THE R RESISTANCE SAB Microchip offers Digital Potentiometer devices with The R resistance is the total resistance between AB resistances of 2.1 k?, 5 k?, 10 k?, 50 ...
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Filter Solutions for the Regeneration of Electrical Power
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: Energy, which is being generated during the braking process of fast rotations or heavy masses, used to be converted into useless heat by means of bulky brake resistors. Today, innovative drive ...
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Functions, Variations and Application Areas of Magnetic Components
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: The transformer is one of the classical components of Electrotechnology. It is used in all areas of every day life. Transformers are used to adapt electrical energy, which is supplied on various ...
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Basics of ESD Safety (.pdf)
Description: Electrostatic discharge, more commonly known as ESD, appears in many forms. From lightning bolts to a near-invisible spark when touching a piece of metal, there is no single way to encapsulate all of ...
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Technical Considerations for ESD Safety (.pdf)
Description: ESD impacts productivity and product reliability in virtually every aspect of electronic environment. Despite the effort made over the past decade, ESD still costs the electronics industry billions of ...
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Appin Knowledge Solutions
Description: This up-to-date text/reference is designed to present the fundamental principles of robotics with a strong emphasis on engineering applications and industrial solutions based on robotic technology. It ...
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Infrared (IR) Window Installations into Medium Voltage Switchgear
Description: The intense energy and duration of an electric arc flash represents a very unique exposure. Everyday work clothes made from regular cotton or polyester cotton blended fabrics, regardless of weight, ...
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Cross Reference AWG to MM2 Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: 26 AWG equals 0.14 mm^2 for example. ...
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Fractions, Decimals & Millimeter Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Conversion chart for Imkperial and Metric measurements ...
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Metric Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Square areas in metric and Imperial format ...
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Temperature Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Temperature conversions between F and C ...
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Jacketing Insulations
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: JACKETS - Applied over primary insulation, shields, cable components or over the cable itself, Includes many of the primary insulating materials, containing nylon, neoprene, hypalon, ...
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Typical Properties of Multi/Cable Insulations
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: This document explains typical properties of multi-cable installations including: PVC, Polyethylene, Low Density Polyethylene, High Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Nylon, TFE, and Fluorinated ...
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Flooded Cable / Connector Water Blocking and Reterminating at Sea
From: Reltek LLCDescription: Field application of breakthrough BONDiT™ technology proves effective in reterminating flooded cable/connector assemblies in offshore oil field for immediate deep-water redeployment. A flooded ...
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Attenuator & Termination Matching for Ferrite Junction Isolators
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Both the Circulator 3rd port and Termination/Attenuator are specified to meet a VSWR over a given frequency band. The actual isolation result will depend on the phase of the Return Losses. An optimal ...
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BAN-PLT-1.1 NEW Electroless Nickel Gold Plating (c)
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Conventional LTCC material systems offer three standard metallization schemes, silver, gold and a mixed metal. For high reliability projects, the gold system is a common choice. When price is a ...
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Comparison of RF Terminations with BeO and ALN Substrates
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Terminations designed to dissipate significant amounts of power at RF frequencies have traditionally been fabricated on beryllium oxide (BeO) substrates. The high thermal conductivity and moderate ...
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Copper vs Copper Tungsten Flanges
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Barry Industries offers parts using flanges made from both copper tungsten (CuW) and copper (Cu) flange materials. In the case of the copper tungsten flange material the construction is 100% brazed. ...
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Finite Element Analysis Report - Advantages of the CTE Matched Flange
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: The finite element analysis described in this report was performed to support the conclusions of the Barry Industries' report "Materials Selection for High-Power / High Reliability Resistors", Jack ...
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Investigation of Trim Notch and its Effect on Surface Mount Resistors in RF Circuits
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Surface mount (SMD) resistors are often employed in microstrip circuitry at RF frequencies. Typical SMD resistors designed for general purpose circuitry are usually trimmed using plunge trim or "L" ...
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SMD Resistor Thermal Analysis
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: The ability of a surface mount resistor to dissipate a given amount of power is ultimately limited by the temperature of the active resistor film. Assuming that the effects of convection and radiation ...
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Installation and Wiring Guidelines for DC/AC Inverters
Description: DC/AC inverters designed to light Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL's) are a very specific sub-class of inverters in general. These inverters tend to have very low output currents and very high ...
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Wire Forms and Custom Welded Wire Assemblies
Description: The manufacture of steel wire forms and welded wire assemblies demands a tremendous amount of knowledge and experience. The final product can only be optimally achieved after matching the materials, ...
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Transformer Design for Charging Defibrillator Capacitors
From: Datatronics™Description: Generating high voltage by means of flyback topology is a common approach. Using the generated voltage to charge a capacitor for a high energy pulse are used in defibrillators, photoflashs, strobes ...
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Remote Power Supply Monitoring with iLog
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: European GSM providers that expand their activities to African countries, usually face problems when it comes to power supply the GSM Rx-Tx cellular system. To resolve the problem they use APS systems ...
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Cooling System Design Tips
From: Control Resources, Inc.Description: Application and Design Information: Air Flow, Distribution and System Pressure How many Fans Fan/Blower Size And much more. ...
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Conductance Testing Defined and Evaluated
From: Exponential PowerDescription: When Facility or Maintenance Engineers, Operations Managers or Power Provision Operators consider back-up power options that include battery systems, it is quite typically as a "last line of defense" ...
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Typical Characteristic of Gassing on VRLA Batteries - Dynasty Example
From: Exponential PowerDescription: When charging the typical lead acid battery a portion of the charging current, that which is in excess of that required to maintain 100% state of charge, will electrolyze water in the electrolyte thus ...
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NEMA / UL-50 Type Ratings
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: Definition: An Enclosure is a surrounding case constructed to provide a degree of protection against incidental contact with the enclosed equipment and to provide a degree of protection to the ...
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Cable Considerations
Description: By nature, cables are usually the weakest part of any measurement system. Because they are somewhat fragile, they must be handled with care. The weakest point on the cable assembly is the intersection ...
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Introduction to Current Source Power Units
Description: In order to fully understand the purpose of current source power units, it will be necessary to first understand the operation of the low impedance voltage mode (LIVM) sensors with which the power ...
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Build Your Own Acopian Power System Online
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Easton, PA - November 10, 2006 - Acopian Power Supplies allows you to 'design' your own multiple output Power System by simply using their online System Builder ...
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Glossary of Power Supply Terms
From: TDK-Lambda Americas Inc.
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Lambda: New DIN Rail Power Supplies Offer Sophistication and Value
Description: DIN rail mount power supplies are quickly showing a surprising degree of sophistication. Until recently, these products were simple single output units, often with narrow range AC inputs. An "option" ...
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Lambda: Power Supply Considerations for Industrial Applications
Description: Although power supplies are among the most important components of any industrial application, they seldom receive any significant attention. Engineers often do not fully understand all of the ...
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GHz BGA Socket User Manual
Description: The IC package drawing is required to select the correct GHz socket. Go to www.ironwoodelectronics.com. Select the "Products" link, then under the "Browse" menu, select the "GHz BGA & MLF socket" ...
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Giga-snaP BGA SMT Adapters
Description: The new Giga-snaP line of BGA SMT adapters provide the most reliable interconnect to BGA SMT pads. These patent pending adapters remain attached through many solder cycles and will not warp as plastic ...
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Spring Pin Socket User Manual
Description: SS-BGA sockets provide high bandwidth in a small, cost effective ZIF socket for prototype, test and burn-in applications. SS-BGA socket is a simple, mechanical socket based on spring pin technology. ...
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Remote Sensing
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Many Acopian power supplies have +SENS and -SENS terminals (+Sense and -Sense terminals). These terminals may be used for remote sensing of the output voltage and are part of the voltage regulation ...