Semiconductors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 1200
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Ground Voltage Instrumentation Errors
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: The NEC, National Electrical Code (Ref. 4) requires the installation of grounds for safety and does not allow load currents in ground lines. Unfortunately, unwanted ground currents (Ig) often exist ...
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3 AV Trends to Follow in the Next 12 Months
From: Belden Inc.Description: You can be an innovator instead of trying to play catch-up when you know what AV technology is coming—and where it may show up. Here’s a short list of what we’re hearing about when ...
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Modeling False Alarm Rate and Related Characteristics of Lidar Avalanche Photodiode Photoreivers
Description: An analysis is presented of the error introduced into estimates of avalanche photodiode (APD) lidar performance by assuming Gaussian distribution of the APD multiplication gain. The amplitude of ...
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Rethink What Is Possible for PCB Current Sensing
Description: Across all markets, from renewable energy and motor drives to electric vehicles, electronic devices are challenged to be smaller, more efficient, and less expensive. This increases the complexity of ...
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IC Op Amp Errors
From: Dataforth CorporationDescription: Modern integrated circuit (IC) operational amplifiers (Op Amps) have made quality instrumentation signal conditioning economically practical. Although accurate and stable Op Amp ICs are available for ...
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Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor: The Future of SiC and GaN Technology
From: Newark, An Avnet CompanyDescription: While silicon is an excellent general-purpose semiconductor, its limitations when dealing with high voltages, temperature, and switching frequencies are well-documented. As the market continues its ...
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Tuning Fork Crystal Frequency And Parabolic Temperature Curve
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: Most tuning forks operate on a common crystal frequency to make them compatible electronic components. Surface mount crystals come as automotive grade crystals and thru hole crystals. Because of their ...
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A Guide to Using FETS for Sensor Applications
From: Linear SystemsDescription: In particular, low noise JFETs exhibit low input gate currents that are desirable when working with high impedance devices at the input or with high value feedback resistors (e.g., ≥1MΩ). ...
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Choosing Series or Parallel Resonant Crystals: Oscillator Design and Load Capacitance
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: Choosing Series or Parallel Resonant Crystals: Oscillator Design and Load Capacitance was written for engineers that are working on digital designs. This note and associated videos should reacquaint ...
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Headphone Amplifier Evaluation Board
From: Linear SystemsDescription: Linear Integrated Systems headphone amplifier evaluation board is a complete, low-power stereo audio amplifier for high-fidelity line-level output and headphone applications. It consists of Linear ...
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LSJ689 Ultra Low Noise P-Channel Dual JFET
From: Linear SystemsDescription: The dual monolithic P-channel LSJ689 is the complement to the N-channel LSK489. Both devices feature low offset, low noise and low capacitance. They enable the efficient implementation of fully ...
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LSK389 Dual Monolithic JFET for Ultra-Low Noise Applications
From: Linear SystemsDescription: The LSK389 is the industry’s lowest noise Dual N-Channel JFET, 100% tested, guaranteed to meet 1/f and broadband noise specifications, while eliminating burst (RTN or popcorn) noise entirely. ...
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LSK489 Ultra Low Noise JFET
From: Linear SystemsDescription: For circuits designed to work with high impedance sources, ranging from electrometers to microphone preamplifiers, the use of a low-noise, high-impedance device between the input and the op amp is ...
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Solving the Noise Puzzle with Low-Noise Matched Bipolar Transistor Pairs
From: Linear SystemsDescription: Noise is one of the more important aspects of circuit design. Lower noise in audio amplifier design means better quality audio. Low-noise in instrument design means more reliable and accurate ...
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Some Tips on Making a FETching Discrete Amplifier
From: Linear SystemsDescription: Low-noise amplifiers for photodiode, piezoelectric, and other instrumentation applications typically call for circuit parameters such as extremely high input impedance, low 1/f noise, or subpicoamp ...
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White Paper: Use Cases for Datakey CryptoAuthentication™ Memory Tokens
From: DatakeyDescription: Memory tokens are a versatile tool for securely transporting data, unlocking devices, enabling features, storing log data, and more ...
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Solar Energy Systems - New Market Trends in Current Sensing
Description: As solar installations grow larger and more ambitious by the day, new trends in current sensing are emerging for this expanding energy market. ...
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Allegro ICs Based on Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
Description: Allegro MicroSystems is a world leader in developing, manufacturing, and marketing high-performance integrated circuits (ICs), which incorporate high performance magnetic transducers. This whitepaper ...
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Advances in SIP / Photonics Alignment Automation
Description: The first computer link using optical fibers was commissioned four decades ago to safeguard communications from electromagnetic interference at the Cheyenne Mountain strategic command center. Since ...
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Sensemore Adopts e-peas' Energy Harvesting Technology for their New Wireless Maintenance Prediction Sensor - Infinity
From: e-peas SADescription: Sensemore has released their most innovative product – Wireless Vibration Sensor for Quality Control, R&D & Maintenance. It monitors the health of your equipment without interruptions ...
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Introduction to Frequency Control Products
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: Frequency control is the process of maintaining the stability of clocking and timing in digital devices. All digital circuits today require clocks to ensure that processes happen at very specific ...
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Timing In Modern Vehicles
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: Automotive technology has made significant advances since the 1970s in terms of safety, reliability, performance, and fuel efficiency. Today, automobiles require more than 60 processors and electronic ...
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What Is A MultiVolt™ Oscillator?
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: The ECS Inc. International MultiVolt™ quartz-based oscillators utilize a cutting-edge small form factor high-performance ASIC. The oscillator circuit stage uses a low-current linear voltage ...
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What Is A VCXO? Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: A VCXO is a crystal oscillator whose output frequency varies based on an applied control voltage. The variation of a VCXO’s output frequency is specified in parts per million (ppm) and is called ...
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An Introduction to Depletion-mode MOSFETs
Description: Since the mid-nineteen seventies the “enhancement-mode” MOSFET has been the subject of almost continuous global research, development, and refinement by both the semiconductor industry and ...
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Chipset Simplifies Design of A/D Converter for PC-based Precision DVM Applications
Description: For maximum 50/60 cycle line power noise rejection, Integration time tINT must be picked as a multiple of the period of line power frequency. For example, tINT times of 16.667 msec, 33.333 msec, ...
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Low Voltage Booster Energy Harvesting
Description: While the practice of energy harvesting has emerged from the laboratory and established legitimacy over the last few years, the electronic circuitry used in energy harvesting systems continues to ...
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MicroPower Step Up Low-Voltage Booster Module
Description: While the practice of energy harvesting has emerged from the laboratory to the marketplace over the last few years, many popular energy sources capable of generating waste energy have yet to emerge as ...
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Nano-Power Voltage Comparators, Voltage Detectors and Voltage References Using EPAD MOSFETs
Description: The paradigm that EPAD MOSFET arrays introduce is that gate thresholds can now be precisely controlled so that analog designers are now able to take advantage of the absolute value of the gate ...
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Novel Voltage Clamp Circuits for Ultra Low-Voltage Applications
Description: Voltage clamps for protecting low-voltage DC circuits require a new approach to circuit design. Many clamps commonly used were built for systems of 5-Volts or higher but lower voltage systems require ...
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Sub-threshold MOSFET Behavior for Analog Applications
Description: Current leakages are ever present in electronic systems, and many forms of leakage are considered by engineers to be unusable. This thinking is starting to change as new frontiers in ultra-low power ...
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A New Method of Balancing Supercapacitors in a Series Stack Using MOSFETs
Description: Novel Circuit Design Offers Insight on Over-Voltage Problem that Jeopardizes Cell Life and Provides Solution on How to Implement Automatic Leakage Current Equalization ...
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Balancing Multiple Supercapacitors; Control Voltage, Saves Power, Board Space and Cost with SAB MOSFETs
Description: These devices are positioned to balance the voltage for supercapacitors used in a series to prevent each cell from overvoltage while offering a significant cost saving when compared to traditional ...
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Energy Efficient Route to Managing Low Voltage Energy Harvesters
Description: It can be tough to harvest energy from innovative IoT devices such as thermoelectric generators built into clothing. A new kind of MOSFET is designed to work with the super-low voltages involved. ...
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Energy Harvesting Electronics for Piezoelectric Energy Generator
Description: Energy Harvesting taps ambient waste energy through increasingly efficient micro-energy power generators using piezoelectric elements. As circuits such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that operates ...
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Factory Data: MOSFET Controls Supercapacitor Power Dissipation
Description: Recently revealed independent testing data shows that SAB MOSFET arrays designed into supercapacitor applications of two or more cells can reduce leakage current. By reducing leakage current, the ...
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Low Current MOSFET Balances High Value than 1000 Farads
Description: A MOSFET can have low current and low voltage and still effective balance a wide range of supercapacitors with values beyond 1000F because the supercapacitor current does not flow through the MOSFET. ...
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MOSFET-v. Op Amp Balancing Comparison
Description: By reducing leakage current, SAB MOSFET device balance individual cell voltage with current balancing and cut power dissipation compared to op amp-based voltage balancing ...
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MOSFETs Balance Supercapacitors with Zero Power Burn
Description: The use of supercapacitor series stacks are growing for many systems used in backup power storage or battery life extension. One of the most critical circuit design goals for such systems is ...
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Using ALD Low-Power, Low-Voltage Precision Voltage Clamps
Description: Systems and circuits that are susceptible to damage in over-voltage conditions benefit from voltage clamps to ensure that voltages remain below a critical limit. But because this is a protection ...
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A New Generation of Analog Voltage Comparators
Description: For decades, analog voltage comparators have found a wide range of applications in mixed signal sensor circuits, those used to compare physical measurements that could be translated into corresponding ...
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Energy Harvesting for a Greener Environment
Description: Energy Harvesting (EH) is the process of electronically capturing and accumulating energy from a variety of energy sources deemed wasted or otherwise said to be unusable for any practical purpose. ...
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New Design Concepts in Ultra Low Voltage and Nanopower Circuits with EPAD MOSFET Arrays
Description: This introduction to EPAD MOSFET describes a broad selection of devices with precisely set gate threshold voltage values, including zero threshold mode, enhancement mode and depletion mode. ...
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New PCB Provides Plug & Play Solution for Balancing Supercapacitor Cells
Description: Supercapacitors are a great alternative to batteries in applications needing many rapid charge/discharge cycles and are popular in applications such as short-term energy storage, regenerative ...
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Performance Characteristics of EPAD® Precision Matched Pair MOSFET Array
Description: ALD's Electrically Programmable Analog Device (EPAD) technology provides a family of matched transistors with a range of precision threshold values. All members of this family are designed and ...
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Re-designing Normally-on Load Switches with Zero-power MOSFETs Reduces Power Consumption
Description: As circuit supply voltages decrease and green energy trends grow in popularity, designers should re-examine some of the circuits that continually consume power in an effort to reduce overall system ...
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Tech Tip: The Fundamentals of Supercapacitor Balancing
Description: The average supercapacitor has a maximum charging voltage of between 2.5 and 2.7 V. For many applications a voltage this low isn't particularly useful, so the common practice is to place multiple ...
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Ultra Low Power Crystal Oscillators
Description: Crystal Oscillators are key components used in many electronic circuits, such as in radio frequency applications and digital and microprocessor-based devices. In order to save power, an ultra ...
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Ultra Low Power Oscillators
Description: ALD110900, ALD110804 and ALD114904 devices were utilized as inverters and buffers to create a low power oscillator circuit with various configurations. This article covers three basic oscillator ...
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Voltage Clamp Circuits for Ultra-Low-Voltage Apps
Description: Voltage clamps for protecting low-voltage dc circuits require a new approach to circuit design. Many commonly used voltage clamps were built for systems of 5 V or higher, but lower-voltage systems ...
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Discover 100% Solar-powered IoT Asset Tracker
From: e-peas SADescription: IoT asset trackers have become an indispensable part for many industries. However, tracking assets can become costly if a tracker runs out of battery and stops relaying data. Another challenge is ...
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IoT Energy Harvesting Challenges: e-peas Tackles It Head-on with New PMICs
From: e-peas SADescription: With its new PMIC, e-peas hopes to enable more performant energy harvesting for IoT devices. But to do so, what are the challenges that come with IoT energy harvesting? ...
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Considerations for New Designs
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: MDE has many series of TVS semiconductors that can provide the protection needed to keep the systems running when everything else fails. ...
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Means of Protecting Irrigation Controls and Solenoids
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: Means of Protecting Irrigation Controls and Solenoids Irrigation Systems are vulnerable to lightning strikes, since they are typically located in very exposed locations. Most irrigation systems, such ...
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Paralleling TVS Diodes for Higher Power Capability
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: Paralleling TVS Diodes for Higher Power Capability Silicon Avalanche Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS's) offer a great deal of flexibility in circuit protection. Fortunately, these devices are ...
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Typical TVS Design Aids
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: Leakage current will double for every 10 to 15°C rise in temperature, depending upon the voltage (usually referenced to the ambient temperature). ...
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Motor Control and Conversion Efficiency Vital for Automotive Applications
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: The efficiency of power conversion and motor control applications is an ever-green design specification for an increasing variety of automotive applications. Modern internal combustion-engine vehicles ...
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A Guide to Using FETS (Field Effect Transistors) for Sensor Applications
From: Linear SystemsDescription: FETs (Field Effect Transistors) suitable for use in low noise amplifier applications for photo diodes, accelerometers, transducers, and other types of sensors. Read the White Paper ...
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GaN FETs: Why Cascode?
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: GaN technology and specifically GaN-on-Silicon HEMT technology has become a key focus for power engineers over the last few years. Its promise to provide the high-power performance and high-frequency ...
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Optimizing MOSFETs to Fit Specific Applications
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: For the last decade or so, when it came to power MOSFET advances the primary goals were to push up efficiency and drive down drain-source on resistance. For most applications, choosing a given Figure ...
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SiC Based Totem Pole PFC for Industrial Power Supplies
From: ROHM Semiconductor GmbHDescription: One particular area that is characterised by high energy demands and a need for high efficiency power supplies are data centres. To minimise the cost and the ecological footprint of the higher and ...
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How to Select Silicon TVS Diode Devices
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: Voltage and current transients are a major cause of solid-state component failure in electronic systems. These transients are a result of a sudden release of stored energy. Transients may be generated ...
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SPD Design Tips for Fusing Surge Design Elements (TVS or MOV)
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: Surge Protectors may use fuses as the means of protecting the product or components within the product. Fuses are also used to limit the current that can affect the device being protected. The purpose ...
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Test Waveform Comparison
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: The typical waveforms used are described and shown here. Also, the approximate energy can be determined of each so that waveforms of one Pulse type can be compared to another. It is not always ...
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TVS Protection of Filters
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: A filter is a circuit designed to selectively separate or eliminate a frequency or range of frequencies that is desired for the proper operation of a device or system. Filters can be subjected to all ...
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Can a TVS be Used as a Regulator Instead of a Zener Diode?
From: MDE Semiconductor, Inc.Description: But the voltage control is not that precise and the TVS devices are not continuous operating components, their V-I characteristics are usually specified, and their duty cycle must be controlled. The ...
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GaN Solutions: Small Packages for Big Radar Challenges
From: WolfspeedDescription: AESA systems use active arrays, each with hundreds or even thousands of antennas. In many cases, the system is evaluated on the basis of size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C). The technology enabling ...
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JFETs The New Frontier Part 1, by Erno Borbely
From: Linear SystemsDescription: Welcome to a new era in audio amplification where JFETs rule. This noted designer champions their use to produce the best sound in your audio amp circuits. ...
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Datakey Case Study - Mars Drinks
From: DatakeyDescription: Custom-branded Datakey serial memory keys provide a cashless vending option for KLIX coffee vending machines. ...
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Datakey Case Study - St. Jude Medical
From: DatakeyDescription: Sterilizable Datakey memory tokens provide customized calibration solution for balloon catheter. ...
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Datakey Case Study - Stryker Endoscopy
From: DatakeyDescription: A custom-branded Datakey EEPROM memory token is used to positively pair a wireless endoscopic video transmitter and display. ...
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Datakey Case Study - WECO
From: DatakeyDescription: Datakey serial memory tokens upload/clone setup parameters, deliver updated firmware and log usage data for vegetable sorters. ...
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Thermal Considerations for High-Power GaN RF Amplifiers
From: WolfspeedDescription: The reliability of high-power GaN HEMTs, employed in high power amplifiers, is driven by peak temperatures within the base semiconductor technology. As such, the design engineer must carefully ...
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Energy Harvesting Technology Enables Accurate and Continuous Animal Tracking
From: e-peas SADescription: e-peas engineers worked in conjunction with the team at Dutch systems integrator SODAQ on the development and implementation of energy efficient livestock monitoring hardware for Brisbane-based client ...
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Considerations When Designing Crystals Into STM32 Microcontrollers
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: Considerations When Designing Crystals Into STM32 Microcontrollers. This article explains the considerations for implementing kHz crystals with STM32 processors. This indicates how the new STM ...
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Fast, DDR4 SDRAM to Enable the New Space Age
Description: To exploit lucrative market opportunities, satellite operators are trying to differentiate by offering added-value services, e.g. ultra high-resolution imagery, live streaming video and on-board AI to ...
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On the Way to RF Softwarization, Teledyne e2v Data Converters Push Digital Signal Processing Boundaries with Direct Access to Ka Band.
Description: This article describes market disruptions currently faced by the space industry which may not only upend current commercial assumptions, but herald significant changes in the way that space-borne ...
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The Future is Now: Teledyne e2v's Quad Core ARM® Cortex®-A72 Radiation Tolerant Microprocessor Revolutionizes Heavy Computing for Space Systems & Satellite Projects.
Description: Teledyne e2v's "LS1046Space" Quad Core ARM® Cortex®-A72 microprocessor revolutionizes the heavy computing requirements for space/satellite developments in the upcoming decades. Utilizing GHz ...
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Three Ways to Adjust Power Consumption and Dissipation in Your Processing Systems
Description: This paper outlines Teledyne e2v's tailored approach proposed to system designers to adjust power consumption and dissipation in processing systems using High Reliability processors. ...
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What is 802.11, 802.11ax, Wi-Fi 6, and Wi-Fi 6E?
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: The demand for wireless access from users has shifted from a luxury, to a necessity. The need for bandwidth is growing exponentially. This has caused network performance to become critical for ...
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Flat-Panel Phased-Array Antennas: Enabling Scalable & Affordable SATCOM Solutions
From: AnokiwaveDescription: Phased array antennas, or AESAs, are changing the way in which we communicate with SATCOM networks as SATCOM enters a new era. LEO satellite launches are accelerating and GEO satellites continue to ...
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Crystal and Oscillator Printed Circuit Board Design Considerations
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: When laying out your printed circuit board to accept components and give them the best possibility to perform at their best is a complicated task, such as clocking signals and their routing. If we ...
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MOSFET Thermal Resistance and Power Dissipation: Packages Capable of Back-Surface Heat Dissipation
Description: When designing a circuit, thermal calculations are indispensable, and particularly where power devices that handle large amounts of power are concerned, they are extremely important, not only with ...
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Troubleshooting 3: Case When, Due to Surge, VDS2 Rises to Above Secondary-Side MOSFET VDS Voltage
Description: When a surge occurs, the VDS2 of the secondary-side MOSFET may rise to or exceed the rated VDS of the MOSFET as a result. This means that a voltage that exceeds the MOSFET rating is applied, and so ...
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Oscillator Circuit Design
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: An oscillator is an electronic circuit which generates a repetitive signal. This signal can be in many forms depending on the application. Some applications require a basic clock to maintain ...
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Oscillator Output Types
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: The most common questions asked about oscillators is: what is the difference between single-ended and differential outputs, and what applications are they best suited for? Depending on the application ...
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GaN FETs Help Push 80 PLUS Titanium Grade
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: Industrial PSUs including datacenters come in all shapes and sizes but one thing they have in common is the need to be efficient, safe and stable. Since its introduction, 80 PLUS certification has ...
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Getting ESD Protection Right for USB4™
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: At the beginning of September last year, the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) announced the publication of the USB4 specification. Offering backward compatibility with USB 3.2, USB 2.0 and Thunderbolt ...
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SEED Delivers OPEN Alliance Compliant ESD Protection
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: The transmission requirements and data payload on automotive networks has and continues to increase significantly. To take the next step we need high-speed, high-bandwidth Automotive Ethernet, and ...
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DFN0606 MOSFETs: Efficiency in the Smallest Packages
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: Getting more from less is the mantra in mobile and portable applications, especially wearables. By using the most efficient switching options available, designers can get more room to embed ...
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LFPAK88: A Very Cool Customer
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: As circuits shrink, thermal performance becomes very important. We compare the LFPAK88's thermal performance with D²PAK and discover the LFPAK88 acquits itself very well. For designers, one of the ...
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Understanding the Basics of Fourier Transforms
Description: I was chatting with my colleague Steve Hanly about his recent post on the Fourier transform and power spectral density, and we thought it might help to go a bit more into the math and guts of the ...
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How do we Help Designers Face System Mission Computer Challenges Today?
Description: There are multiple challenges that Systems Mission Computer designers are facing today. Their ultimate target is to design more powerful and complex deterministic systems, embedding a high amount of ...
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Teledyne e2v Helps Reduce Power Consumption in Commercial Processors
Description: System designers using commercial processors often wish to embed more processing capabilities in their application, while their authorized power budget may be limited by the project requirements & ...
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Teledyne e2v Microprocessors: High Reliability Differentiators
Description: Let's play a technical quiz today...are you ready? Are you able to list the top requirements of critical heavy computing systems such as Avionics, Space & Defense systems in less than 15 seconds? Did ...
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Learning About Ohm's Law, GPIO and Transistors with Flashing LEDs on Raspberry Pi
Description: Learning About Ohm's Law, GPIO and Transistors with Flashing LEDs on Raspberry Pi ...
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LoRa and LoRaWAN Timing
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: LoRa (Long-Range) is digital wireless data communication IoT technology. LoRa transmits over license-free megahertz radio frequency bands: 169 MHz, 433 MHz (Asia), 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (North ...
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LoRaWAN Technology
From: ECS Inc. InternationalDescription: LoRaWAN (Long-Range Wide Area Network) is a type of data communication for wide area wireless networks. It is designed to allow long-range data acquisition at a low bit rate between connected sensors ...
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Case Study: Automotive Pressure Transducers
From: Merit Sensor SystemsDescription: A pressure sensor that could take the heat. Our client was in search of a pressure sensor with elevated temperature performance capabilities for an automatic transmission application. They required a ...
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LFPAK88 Takes a Shorter Path to Efficiency
From: Nexperia B.V.Description: By eliminating internal bond wires and reducing source lead length, Nexperia's LFPAK88 minimizes parasitic source inductance created during switching, resulting in greater efficiency. While ...