Semiconductors Reference Materials

Description: The NEC, National Electrical Code (Ref. 4) requires the installation of grounds for safety and does not allow load currents in ground lines. Unfortunately, unwanted ground currents (Ig) often exist ...

Description: You can be an innovator instead of trying to play catch-up when you know what AV technology is coming—and where it may show up. Here’s a short list of what we’re hearing about when ...

Description: An analysis is presented of the error introduced into estimates of avalanche photodiode (APD) lidar performance by assuming Gaussian distribution of the APD multiplication gain. The amplitude of ...

Description: Across all markets, from renewable energy and motor drives to electric vehicles, electronic devices are challenged to be smaller, more efficient, and less expensive. This increases the complexity of ...

Description: Modern integrated circuit (IC) operational amplifiers (Op Amps) have made quality instrumentation signal conditioning economically practical. Although accurate and stable Op Amp ICs are available for ...

Description: While silicon is an excellent general-purpose semiconductor, its limitations when dealing with high voltages, temperature, and switching frequencies are well-documented. As the market continues its ...

Description: Most tuning forks operate on a common crystal frequency to make them compatible electronic components. Surface mount crystals come as automotive grade crystals and thru hole crystals. Because of their ...

Description: In particular, low noise JFETs exhibit low input gate currents that are desirable when working with high impedance devices at the input or with high value feedback resistors (e.g., ≥1MΩ). ...

Description: Choosing Series or Parallel Resonant Crystals: Oscillator Design and Load Capacitance was written for engineers that are working on digital designs. This note and associated videos should reacquaint ...

Description: Linear Integrated Systems headphone amplifier evaluation board is a complete, low-power stereo audio amplifier for high-fidelity line-level output and headphone applications. It consists of Linear ...

Description: The dual monolithic P-channel LSJ689 is the complement to the N-channel LSK489. Both devices feature low offset, low noise and low capacitance. They enable the efficient implementation of fully ...

Description: The LSK389 is the industry’s lowest noise Dual N-Channel JFET, 100% tested, guaranteed to meet 1/f and broadband noise specifications, while eliminating burst (RTN or popcorn) noise entirely. ...

Description: For circuits designed to work with high impedance sources, ranging from electrometers to microphone preamplifiers, the use of a low-noise, high-impedance device between the input and the op amp is ...

Description: Noise is one of the more important aspects of circuit design. Lower noise in audio amplifier design means better quality audio. Low-noise in instrument design means more reliable and accurate ...

Description: Low-noise amplifiers for photodiode, piezoelectric, and other instrumentation applications typically call for circuit parameters such as extremely high input impedance, low 1/f noise, or subpicoamp ...

Description: Memory tokens are a versatile tool for securely transporting data, unlocking devices, enabling features, storing log data, and more ...

Description: As solar installations grow larger and more ambitious by the day, new trends in current sensing are emerging for this expanding energy market. ...

Description: Allegro MicroSystems is a world leader in developing, manufacturing, and marketing high-performance integrated circuits (ICs), which incorporate high performance magnetic transducers. This whitepaper ...

Description: The first computer link using optical fibers was commissioned four decades ago to safeguard communications from electromagnetic interference at the Cheyenne Mountain strategic command center. Since ...

Description: Sensemore has released their most innovative product – Wireless Vibration Sensor for Quality Control, R&D & Maintenance. It monitors the health of your equipment without interruptions ...

Description: Frequency control is the process of maintaining the stability of clocking and timing in digital devices. All digital circuits today require clocks to ensure that processes happen at very specific ...

Description: Automotive technology has made significant advances since the 1970s in terms of safety, reliability, performance, and fuel efficiency. Today, automobiles require more than 60 processors and electronic ...

Description: The ECS Inc. International MultiVolt™ quartz-based oscillators utilize a cutting-edge small form factor high-performance ASIC. The oscillator circuit stage uses a low-current linear voltage ...

Description: A VCXO is a crystal oscillator whose output frequency varies based on an applied control voltage. The variation of a VCXO’s output frequency is specified in parts per million (ppm) and is called ...

Description: Since the mid-nineteen seventies the “enhancement-mode” MOSFET has been the subject of almost continuous global research, development, and refinement by both the semiconductor industry and ...

Description: For maximum 50/60 cycle line power noise rejection, Integration time tINT must be picked as a multiple of the period of line power frequency. For example, tINT times of 16.667 msec, 33.333 msec, ...

Description: While the practice of energy harvesting has emerged from the laboratory and established legitimacy over the last few years, the electronic circuitry used in energy harvesting systems continues to ...

Description: While the practice of energy harvesting has emerged from the laboratory to the marketplace over the last few years, many popular energy sources capable of generating waste energy have yet to emerge as ...

Description: The paradigm that EPAD MOSFET arrays introduce is that gate thresholds can now be precisely controlled so that analog designers are now able to take advantage of the absolute value of the gate ...

Description: Voltage clamps for protecting low-voltage DC circuits require a new approach to circuit design. Many clamps commonly used were built for systems of 5-Volts or higher but lower voltage systems require ...

Description: Current leakages are ever present in electronic systems, and many forms of leakage are considered by engineers to be unusable. This thinking is starting to change as new frontiers in ultra-low power ...

Description: Novel Circuit Design Offers Insight on Over-Voltage Problem that Jeopardizes Cell Life and Provides Solution on How to Implement Automatic Leakage Current Equalization ...

Description: These devices are positioned to balance the voltage for supercapacitors used in a series to prevent each cell from overvoltage while offering a significant cost saving when compared to traditional ...

Description: It can be tough to harvest energy from innovative IoT devices such as thermoelectric generators built into clothing. A new kind of MOSFET is designed to work with the super-low voltages involved. ...

Description: Energy Harvesting taps ambient waste energy through increasingly efficient micro-energy power generators using piezoelectric elements. As circuits such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that operates ...

Description: Recently revealed independent testing data shows that SAB MOSFET arrays designed into supercapacitor applications of two or more cells can reduce leakage current. By reducing leakage current, the ...

Description: A MOSFET can have low current and low voltage and still effective balance a wide range of supercapacitors with values beyond 1000F because the supercapacitor current does not flow through the MOSFET. ...

Description: By reducing leakage current, SAB MOSFET device balance individual cell voltage with current balancing and cut power dissipation compared to op amp-based voltage balancing ...

Description: The use of supercapacitor series stacks are growing for many systems used in backup power storage or battery life extension. One of the most critical circuit design goals for such systems is ...

Description: Systems and circuits that are susceptible to damage in over-voltage conditions benefit from voltage clamps to ensure that voltages remain below a critical limit. But because this is a protection ...

Description: For decades, analog voltage comparators have found a wide range of applications in mixed signal sensor circuits, those used to compare physical measurements that could be translated into corresponding ...

Description: Energy Harvesting (EH) is the process of electronically capturing and accumulating energy from a variety of energy sources deemed wasted or otherwise said to be unusable for any practical purpose. ...

Description: This introduction to EPAD MOSFET describes a broad selection of devices with precisely set gate threshold voltage values, including zero threshold mode, enhancement mode and depletion mode. ...

Description: Supercapacitors are a great alternative to batteries in applications needing many rapid charge/discharge cycles and are popular in applications such as short-term energy storage, regenerative ...

Description: ALD's Electrically Programmable Analog Device (EPAD) technology provides a family of matched transistors with a range of precision threshold values. All members of this family are designed and ...

Description: As circuit supply voltages decrease and green energy trends grow in popularity, designers should re-examine some of the circuits that continually consume power in an effort to reduce overall system ...

Description: The average supercapacitor has a maximum charging voltage of between 2.5 and 2.7 V. For many applications a voltage this low isn't particularly useful, so the common practice is to place multiple ...

Description: Crystal Oscillators are key components used in many electronic circuits, such as in radio frequency applications and digital and microprocessor-based devices. In order to save power, an ultra ...

Description: ALD110900, ALD110804 and ALD114904 devices were utilized as inverters and buffers to create a low power oscillator circuit with various configurations. This article covers three basic oscillator ...

Description: Voltage clamps for protecting low-voltage dc circuits require a new approach to circuit design. Many commonly used voltage clamps were built for systems of 5 V or higher, but lower-voltage systems ...

Description: IoT asset trackers have become an indispensable part for many industries. However, tracking assets can become costly if a tracker runs out of battery and stops relaying data. Another challenge is ...

Description: With its new PMIC, e-peas hopes to enable more performant energy harvesting for IoT devices. But to do so, what are the challenges that come with IoT energy harvesting? ...

Description: MDE has many series of TVS semiconductors that can provide the protection needed to keep the systems running when everything else fails. ...

Description: Means of Protecting Irrigation Controls and Solenoids Irrigation Systems are vulnerable to lightning strikes, since they are typically located in very exposed locations. Most irrigation systems, such ...

Description: Paralleling TVS Diodes for Higher Power Capability Silicon Avalanche Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS's) offer a great deal of flexibility in circuit protection. Fortunately, these devices are ...

Description: Leakage current will double for every 10 to 15°C rise in temperature, depending upon the voltage (usually referenced to the ambient temperature). ...

Description: The efficiency of power conversion and motor control applications is an ever-green design specification for an increasing variety of automotive applications. Modern internal combustion-engine vehicles ...

Description: FETs (Field Effect Transistors) suitable for use in low noise amplifier applications for photo diodes, accelerometers, transducers, and other types of sensors. Read the White Paper ...

Description: GaN technology and specifically GaN-on-Silicon HEMT technology has become a key focus for power engineers over the last few years. Its promise to provide the high-power performance and high-frequency ...

Description: For the last decade or so, when it came to power MOSFET advances the primary goals were to push up efficiency and drive down drain-source on resistance. For most applications, choosing a given Figure ...

Description: One particular area that is characterised by high energy demands and a need for high efficiency power supplies are data centres. To minimise the cost and the ecological footprint of the higher and ...

Description: Voltage and current transients are a major cause of solid-state component failure in electronic systems. These transients are a result of a sudden release of stored energy. Transients may be generated ...

Description: Surge Protectors may use fuses as the means of protecting the product or components within the product. Fuses are also used to limit the current that can affect the device being protected. The purpose ...

Description: The typical waveforms used are described and shown here. Also, the approximate energy can be determined of each so that waveforms of one Pulse type can be compared to another. It is not always ...

Description: A filter is a circuit designed to selectively separate or eliminate a frequency or range of frequencies that is desired for the proper operation of a device or system. Filters can be subjected to all ...

Description: But the voltage control is not that precise and the TVS devices are not continuous operating components, their V-I characteristics are usually specified, and their duty cycle must be controlled. The ...

Description: AESA systems use active arrays, each with hundreds or even thousands of antennas. In many cases, the system is evaluated on the basis of size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C). The technology enabling ...

Description: Welcome to a new era in audio amplification where JFETs rule. This noted designer champions their use to produce the best sound in your audio amp circuits. ...

Description: Custom-branded Datakey serial memory keys provide a cashless vending option for KLIX coffee vending machines. ...

Description: Sterilizable Datakey memory tokens provide customized calibration solution for balloon catheter. ...

Description: A custom-branded Datakey EEPROM memory token is used to positively pair a wireless endoscopic video transmitter and display. ...

Description: Datakey serial memory tokens upload/clone setup parameters, deliver updated firmware and log usage data for vegetable sorters. ...

Description: The reliability of high-power GaN HEMTs, employed in high power amplifiers, is driven by peak temperatures within the base semiconductor technology. As such, the design engineer must carefully ...

Description: e-peas engineers worked in conjunction with the team at Dutch systems integrator SODAQ on the development and implementation of energy efficient livestock monitoring hardware for Brisbane-based client ...

Description: Considerations When Designing Crystals Into STM32 Microcontrollers. This article explains the considerations for implementing kHz crystals with STM32 processors. This indicates how the new STM ...

Description: To exploit lucrative market opportunities, satellite operators are trying to differentiate by offering added-value services, e.g. ultra high-resolution imagery, live streaming video and on-board AI to ...

Description: This article describes market disruptions currently faced by the space industry which may not only upend current commercial assumptions, but herald significant changes in the way that space-borne ...

Description: Teledyne e2v's "LS1046Space" Quad Core ARM® Cortex®-A72 microprocessor revolutionizes the heavy computing requirements for space/satellite developments in the upcoming decades. Utilizing GHz ...

Description: This paper outlines Teledyne e2v's tailored approach proposed to system designers to adjust power consumption and dissipation in processing systems using High Reliability processors. ...

Description: The demand for wireless access from users has shifted from a luxury, to a necessity. The need for bandwidth is growing exponentially. This has caused network performance to become critical for ...

Description: Phased array antennas, or AESAs, are changing the way in which we communicate with SATCOM networks as SATCOM enters a new era. LEO satellite launches are accelerating and GEO satellites continue to ...

Description: When laying out your printed circuit board to accept components and give them the best possibility to perform at their best is a complicated task, such as clocking signals and their routing. If we ...

Description: When designing a circuit, thermal calculations are indispensable, and particularly where power devices that handle large amounts of power are concerned, they are extremely important, not only with ...

Description: When a surge occurs, the VDS2 of the secondary-side MOSFET may rise to or exceed the rated VDS of the MOSFET as a result. This means that a voltage that exceeds the MOSFET rating is applied, and so ...

Description: An oscillator is an electronic circuit which generates a repetitive signal. This signal can be in many forms depending on the application. Some applications require a basic clock to maintain ...

Description: The most common questions asked about oscillators is: what is the difference between single-ended and differential outputs, and what applications are they best suited for? Depending on the application ...

Description: Industrial PSUs including datacenters come in all shapes and sizes but one thing they have in common is the need to be efficient, safe and stable. Since its introduction, 80 PLUS certification has ...

Description: At the beginning of September last year, the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) announced the publication of the USB4 specification. Offering backward compatibility with USB 3.2, USB 2.0 and Thunderbolt ...

Description: The transmission requirements and data payload on automotive networks has and continues to increase significantly. To take the next step we need high-speed, high-bandwidth Automotive Ethernet, and ...

Description: Getting more from less is the mantra in mobile and portable applications, especially wearables. By using the most efficient switching options available, designers can get more room to embed ...

Description: As circuits shrink, thermal performance becomes very important. We compare the LFPAK88's thermal performance with D²PAK and discover the LFPAK88 acquits itself very well. For designers, one of the ...

Description: I was chatting with my colleague Steve Hanly about his recent post on the Fourier transform and power spectral density, and we thought it might help to go a bit more into the math and guts of the ...

Description: There are multiple challenges that Systems Mission Computer designers are facing today. Their ultimate target is to design more powerful and complex deterministic systems, embedding a high amount of ...

Description: System designers using commercial processors often wish to embed more processing capabilities in their application, while their authorized power budget may be limited by the project requirements & ...

Description: Let's play a technical quiz today...are you ready? Are you able to list the top requirements of critical heavy computing systems such as Avionics, Space & Defense systems in less than 15 seconds? Did ...

Description: Learning About Ohm's Law, GPIO and Transistors with Flashing LEDs on Raspberry Pi ...

Description: LoRa (Long-Range) is digital wireless data communication IoT technology. LoRa transmits over license-free megahertz radio frequency bands: 169 MHz, 433 MHz (Asia), 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (North ...

Description: LoRaWAN (Long-Range Wide Area Network) is a type of data communication for wide area wireless networks. It is designed to allow long-range data acquisition at a low bit rate between connected sensors ...

Description: A pressure sensor that could take the heat. Our client was in search of a pressure sensor with elevated temperature performance capabilities for an automatic transmission application. They required a ...

Description: By eliminating internal bond wires and reducing source lead length, Nexperia's LFPAK88 minimizes parasitic source inductance created during switching, resulting in greater efficiency. While ...