Modeling and Simulation of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics

Appendix C: Trajectory Simulations

Trajectory simulations abound. Government agencies have spear headed general-purpose simulations, and aerospace companies have developed specialized models. Yet, not all simulations are readily available. Many military simulations are classified, and industry keeps their source code under wraps, away from the competition. Some simulations are available to the public, occasionally at a nominal fee.

To give you an overview, I have assembled the synopsis of four popular simulation environments. If you want to get more information, you should use the contact point cited at the end of each profile.

C.1 Trap Trajectory Analysis Program

C.1.1 Description

TRAP is a general-purpose missile fly-out program with a shooter and aircraft target model.

  • Degrees-of-freedom: three-DoF point mass, three-DoF pitch, three-DoF yaw, five DoF, six DoF

  • Equations of motion: Reference B. Etkin, Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight, Wiley; singularity at vertical climb or dive

  • Inertial reference frame: flat Earth

  • Aerodynamic model: alpha, beta table look-up

  • Propulsion: rocket, turbojet, and ramjet

  • Autopilot: many options acceleration feedback, rate feedback, torque balance, etc.

  • Guidance: pro-nav, pursuit, three-point guidance

  • Sensors: infrared; passive, semi-active and active radar

C.1.2 Executive Routine

  • Integration: Adam Bashforth second-order trapezoidal predictor (new state calculated from current derivative and past state and derivative); transfer function integration by Tustin z transform; integration interval is 0.01 s

  • Communication: via common blocks stored in INCLUDE files

C.1.3 Special Features

  • Performance reconstruction: determines unknown flight parameters by minimizing the sum of squares of the difference between given and simulated trajectories

  • Launch envelop generator: vertical and horizontal planes

C.1.4 Size

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