1.1

B

1.2

D

1.3

A

1.4

B

1.5

A

1.6

A

1.7

C

1.8

True. Managers are often distrustful of theory because of the academic jargon used by academics, because academics don't often have direct experience of managing, and because many theories are too general and don't fit in with their particular problems of situations.

1.9

False. This is a better description of a universalist perspective. Relativism is based on the premise that there are no universal truths and that context is all important.

1.10

False. Many academics and most managers are pragmatists and usually find some point to match their desire to find and apply 'best practice' with the demands of local context. The idea of 'think global but act local' reflects this middle ground.

1.11

True. A group of managers operating with an organic mindset are more likely to engage in understanding the external environment of their business and adapt their strategies and practice accordingly.

1.12

True. Although they have their critics, American management ideas and practices dominate the production and application of ideas, consulting and management education in most of the world's developed countries.

1.13

False. Japanese models of management are better described as middle-up and -down, with middle managers being allowed a say in strategy. Though Japanese workers do have some say in quality and production decisions during a brief period of...