TABLE OF CONTENTS Microprocessors are central components of almost all digital systems, because combinations of hardware and software are used to solve design problems. A computer is formed by combining a microprocessor with a mix of certain basic elements and customized logic. Software runs on a microprocessor and provides a flexible framework that orchestrates the behavior of hardware that has been customized to fit the application. When many people think about computers, images of desktop PCs and laptops come to their minds. Computers are much more diverse than the stereotypical image and permeate everyday life in increasing numbers. Small computers control microwave ovens, telephones, and CD players.
Computer architecture is fundamental to the design of digital systems. Understanding how a basic computer is designed enables a digital system to take shape by using a microprocessor as a central control element. The microprocessor becomes a programmable platform upon which the major components of an algorithm can be implemented. Digital logic can then be designed to surround the microprocessor and assist the software in carrying out a specific set of tasks.
The first portion of this chapter explains the basic elements of a computer, including the microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices. Basic microprocessor operation is presented from a hardware perspective to show how instructions are executed and how interaction with other system components is handled. Interrupts, registers, and stacks are introduced as well to provide an overall picture of how computers function. Following this basic introduction is a complete example of how an actual...
