Appendix D: Comparison of the Properties of Solid Fuels from Different Sources

( Source: http://users.tkk.fi/~rzevenho/BR_ch2.pdf.)

Figure D.1: Proximate analysis of solid fuels.

( Source: http://users.tkk.fi/~rzevenho/BR_ch2.pdf.)

Figure D.2: Proximate analysis of wood and coal types.

Table D.1: Proximate Analysis and Ultimate Analysis of Solid Fuels (Dry, Ash-Free)
	Fuel type
	Wood	Peat	Lignite	Bituminous coal	Refuse-derived fuel
Proximate analysis (wt %)
Volatile matter	81	65	55	40	85
Fixed carbon	19	35	45	60	15
Ultimate analysis (wt %)
Hydrogen	6	6	5	5	7
Carbon	50	55	68	78	52
Sulfur	0.1	0.4	1	2	0.3
Nitrogen	0.1	1	1	2	0.6
Oxygen	44	38	25	13	40
Higher heating value (Btu/lb)	8700	9500	10,000	14,000	9,700
Source: http://users.tkk.fi/~rzevenho/BR_ch2.pdf.

( Source: http://users.tkk.fi/~rzevenho/BR_ch2.pdf.)

Figure D.3: Proximate analysis of fossil and renewable fuels.

Table D.2: Heat Content of Biomass Materials
Switchgrass/(Btu/lb)	7,341
Bagasse/(Btu/lb)	6,065
Rice hulls/(Btu/lb)	6,575
Poultry litter/(Btu/lb)	6,187
Solid wood waste/(Btu/lb)	6,000 8,000
Source: Wright, L., R. Boundy, R. Perlack, S. Davis, and B. Saulsbury: Biomass Energy Data Book, Office of Planning, Budget and Analysis, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2006, p. 136.

Table D.3: Moisture, Ash, Heat Content, and Chemical Composition of Selected Biomass Fuels
Fuel type	Clean wood	Verge grass	Organic domestic waste	Demolition wood	Sludge
Moisture content/(%) of wet fuel	50	60	54	20	20
Ash content/(%) of dry fuel	1.3	8.4	18.9	0.9	37.5
LHV (as received)/(MJ/kg)	7.7	5.4	6.4	13.9	8.8
HHV (as received)/(MJ/kg)	9.6	7.4	8.3	15.4

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