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Any man-made solid produced by the fusion or sintering of mineral substances in a kiln or hard, heat resistant substances such as fire clay, bricks or blocks.
Aluminum oxide and alumina ceramics have excellent wear characteristics, chemical resistance, compressive strength, high-temperature properties, and dielectric strength. They are used widely because of their versatility and low cost. Their main drawback is its relatively poor thermal-shock resistance due to higher coefficients of thermal expansion and lower thermal conductivity (compared to other pure ceramic materials).
Carbides and carbide materials (hardmetals) have excellent wear resistance and high hot hardness. They are binary compounds of carbon and an element of lower or comparable electronegativity.
Carbon, graphite and diamond materials include vitreous, amorphous, or glassy carbon; hexagonal and pyrolytic graphite (PG); and naturally-occurring and synthetic diamonds, diamond-like carbon (DLC) materials, and diamond-like coatings.
Proppants are synthetic or natural grains, such as coated sand or sintered bauxite ceramics, that hold fissures open around the wellbore to enhance fluid extraction after hydraulic fracturing processes.
Quartz tube and rod are hollow or solid stock shapes of fused quartz materials. They are used in laboratories, semiconductors, sight glasses, and level gages. Quartz tubes and rods are also used in X-ray tube, optical, lamp, pharma, vacuum tube stem assembly, and industrial process applications.
Hard, heat resistant materials and products such as alumina cement, fire clay, bricks, precast shapes, cement or monolithics and ceramic kiln furniture.
Silica, quartz and silicate materials include fused silica, quartz, kaolin or clay-based materials, cordierite, steatite, forsterite, sillimanite, zircon, porcelain, and fireclay. They are based on silicon dioxide and various chemical variations.
Silicon carbide and silicon carbide ceramics are black, high-strength materials with higher hardness and better thermal shock resistance than alumina. They have superior properties for power devices and are predicted to revolutionize the power electronics industry. These hard ceramics consist of grains of silicon carbide which can be bonded together by sintering.
Zirconium oxide and zirconia ceramics are extremely refractory compounds of zirconium and oxygen. Zirconia ceramics possess excellent chemical inertness and corrosion resistance at temperatures well above the melting point of alumina.