Condition Monitors and Fault Detectors Specifications

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Condition Monitored / Fault Detected

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	Electrical Faults / Condition		Instrument or recorder detects electrical faults in circuit breakers, switches, relays, transformers, motors, generators, distribution panels, switchgear, switchboards, electrical systems or circuits for electrical power transmission or distribution. Electrical faults can include short circuits, ground faults, high-impedance faults (HIF), phase faults, asymmetric faults, overload conditions, power deficits and power excesses. Arcs, discharges or other electrical faults produce an audible or ultrasonic noise (hum or buzz), as well as visible or UV light emission which can be detected by sound microphones, ultrasonic transducers, acoustic emission sensors or UV sensors. Electrical faults at low amperage can produce thermal emissions, which can be detected with optical infrared sensors. Many electrical faults can be detected by monitoring circuits for changes in phase current, phase voltage, power direction, current zero sequence, frequency changes and temperature.
	Mechanical Faults / Machine Condition		Instrument or recorder is capable of detecting mechanical faults or monitoring the machine condition of rotating mechanical systems or system critical components such as bearings, couplings, shafts, gears, transmission, belts, pulleys, slides, guides, motors, actuators, or other mechanical parts or mechanisms.  Acoustic emission instruments can monitor conditions and detect changes in mechanical systems. Mechanical components and faults produce specific acoustic or vibrational responses. Changes in the acoustic emission or spectrum can indicate a fault or deteriorating condition. For example, if a break, deformation or other failure occurs, acoustic emission (AE) sensors can detect the burst of high frequency caused by the event.
	Process Faults / Condition		Instrument or recorder detects process faults or monitors the condition of process systems or critical system components such as valves, pumps, pressure vessels, piping, pipe fittings, tanks, mixers or other process parts or equipment. Acoustic emission instruments can monitor conditions and detect changes in process systems. For example if a break, leak, blockage, deformation or other failure occurs, acoustic emission (AE) sensors can detect the burst of high frequency caused by the event. Monitoring acoustic emissions can also access the location and severity. This NDT technique is particularly useful in determining the structural adequacy of tanks and pressure vessels. AE is also used for the detection of faults or leakage in pressure vessels, tanks and piping systems. Welds and stress corrosion cracking can be monitored online with AE techniques.
	Other		Instrument or recorder is capable of detecting specialized faults beyond the common electrical, mechanical or process faults.
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Instrument Type / Technology

	Technology:
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	Acoustic Emission		Acoustic emission instruments monitor conditions and detect changes in mechanical, electrical and process systems. In electrical power distribution systems, they detect shorting or arcing. In mechanical systems, flaws also provide specific acoustic or vibrational responses. For example, if a break, deformation or other failure occurs, acoustic emission (AE) sensors can detect the burst of high frequency caused by the event. Continuous acoustic emissions are associated with dislocation movement and the resulting strain or deformation. Bursts or short pulses of acoustic emissions signals are produced by micro-yielding, twinning, and crack formation. Melting, phase transformation, thermal stresses, fiber breakage and fiber-matrix debonding in composites also result in acoustic emissions.    Monitoring acoustic emissions can also access the location and severity. This NDT technique is particularly useful in determining the structural adequacy of tanks and pressure vessels.  AE is also used for the detection of faults or leakage in pressure vessels, tanks, and piping systems. Welds and stress corrosion cracking can be monitored on-line with AE techniques.
	Air / Structure Borne		Air and structure-borne detection methods find faults in electrical and mechanical systems based on the detection of acoustic signals. These signals can be airborne, travel through the air or reside only within a solid structure or mechanical system.  There are many applications for air or structure-borne ultrasonic detection or inspection methods.  Access door or hatch leaks Bearings Chillers, air conditioners and cooling systems Circuit breakers, fuses and switches Compressed air leaks Distillation columns Electrical systems (arcing, corona or tracking) Gears and gear boxes Heat exchanger, boiler and condenser leaks Mechanical systems Motors Pump cavitation Specialty gas systems Steam traps Switchgear, busbar, busways and panel boards Tanks, tubing, hose and pipes leaks Under or over-lubrication  Vacuum system leaks Valve leaks Water leaks Wind noise
	Eddy Current / Electromagnetic		Eddy current, penetrating radar and other electromagnetic techniques detect or measure flaws, bond or weld integrity, thickness, electrical conductivity and the presence of rebar or metals. Eddy current is the most widely applied electromagnetic NDT technique. This method is also useful in sorting alloys and verifying heat treatment.  Eddy current testing uses an electromagnet to induce an eddy current in a conductive sample. The response of the material to the induced current is sensed. Since the probe does not have to contact the work surface, eddy current testing is useful on rough surfaces or surfaces with wet films or coatings.
	Optical / Laser		Optical-based NDT instruments use techniques such as laser shearography, magneto-optical methods and holographic interferometry to detect flaws and residual stress, or to measure thickness.
	Ultrasonic		Ultrasonic (UT) inspection techniques detect surface and subsurface flaws, or to measure thickness. Beams of high-frequency acoustic energy are introduced into the material and subsequently retrieved. Distance calculations are based on the speed of sound through the material under evaluation. The most widely used of all UT techniques is the pulse-echo technique. Flaws are detected and sizes estimated by comparing the amplitude of a reflected echo from an interface (e.g., flaw or back surface) with that of a reference interface of known size.
	Other		Other unlisted nondestructive techniques or technologies.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.
	Form Factor:
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	Bench / Rack / Cabinet		Devices sit atop a bench or desktop, or are mounted in a rack or cabinet.
	Crawler		NDT crawlers and scanners are inspection tools that automatically travel down pipelines or up tank walls while scanning nondestructive probes. Also, a device that moves a probe across a surface to map flaws or thickness variations such as a tank bottom scanner. Scanners, crawlers or trackers are used in regions too small, long or dangerous for an operator to access or navigate manually.
	Portable / Hand Held / Mobile		Devices are portable, handheld or mobile.
	Monitoring System		Devices are monitors or monitoring systems used to continuously detect or measure flaws, thickness or corrosion.
	Other		Other unlisted or proprietary form factors.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

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