Essentials of Mechatronics

Chapter 12 - Machine Vision

The broad subject of machine vision has many levels of complexity. The simplest
is the use of a single photosensitive detector to locate the boundary of
a brightness change, so that, for example, a factory vehicle carrying parts can
follow the edge of a line painted on the floor using “if it’s bright, steer left; if
it’s dark, steer right.”

At the other end of the scale is a high-resolution color vision system in
which the computer must recognize some object by its shape or texture, even
though it might be partially obscured.

Some of the associated mathematical and computational techniques are
concerned with improving the “quality” of the appearance of an image, while
others relate to extraction of data from the image such as the finding of edges
and other features.

12.1   VISION SENSORS

In Chapter 2, we met a hierarchy of optical sensors that can be ranked in
order of increasing complexity as follows.

12.1.1   Single-Point, Binary

This is a “pair” consisting of a single LED and a single phototransistor:

  • A reflective opto switch to detect a dark mark on a light background or
    vice versa.
  • A slotted opto switch, where the sensors are mounted to face each other
    and indicate when there is an obstruction in the slot.

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