Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties

Laboratory and field studies indicate that rock properties, especially permeability, are altered or damaged during almost every field operation: drilling, cementing, perforation, completion and workover, production, stimulation, and injection of water and chemicals for enhanced oil recovery. Fine solid particles introduced from well-fluids during any of these operations or generated in-situ by the interaction of invading fluids with rock minerals and/or formation fluids, are the main cause of formation damage. Regardless of their origin, these particles can concentrate at pore restrictions, causing severe plugging and large reduction in near-wellbore permeability. This zone of reduced permeability, commonly referred to as a "skin" and ranging from a few inches to a few feet, can reduce well productivity to only a fraction of its potential value. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the magnitude of skin effect under various formation damage conditions. Other studies investigated the composition; physical characteristics, and other factors controlling the migration and deposition of fine particles in porous media. Because repair of permeability damage is generally difficult and expensive, all of these studies emphasize the importance of preventing damage.
Krueger and Amaefule and Kersey showed that although the thickness of the skin zone is only a few inches to a few feet, whereas the drainage radius may be several hundred feet, the effective permeability in the skin zone has an extremely disproportionate effect on well productivity, as illustrated in Figure 10.1 [1, 2]. This figure also shows the effect of improving (by acidizing or...