Introduction

Software and hardware make assumptions. Many technologies either rely on other technologies or do not function in such a way that we can assert the specific details of each event as it occurs. Specifics of whom, what, and why often can only be determined after an event has occurred, and as electricity flows through a device, it is only validated to be good or bad after it is converted into real data that the device understands. Network-based interfaces functionally only use Ethernet packets that contain the correct destination address that matches the network interface. Much like a package you may mail to your mother, using United Parcel Service (UPS), from college, a packet on a network must contain an address of the destination and an address of the source. Since traveling between networks is required, we begin to add layer upon layer of data that is used to tell devices where a packet is going and where it is from. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) allows the routing of packets between networks. Networking is commonly referred to as magic. If a part of the process of routing and exchanging network data fails, the connection and communication between the two computers will fail. This is often while cellular phones drop connections during phone conversations. For some reason, the reception and transmitting of information is blocked, jammed, or simply out of range of a receiver, and the data transmitted isn't received with enough quality to verify that the data is in...