List of Figures

Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1.1: Typical load-displacement relationship for a reinforced concrete element.
Figure 1.2: Aggregate interlock.
Figure 1.3: Dowel action of a reinforcing bar.
Figure 1.4: Schematic failure surface of concrete in three-dimensional stress space.
Figure 1.5: Idealized stress-strain curve for concrete (perfectly plastic-brittle-fracture model).
Figure 1.6: Idealized uniaxial stress-strain curve for concrete.
Figure 1.7: Loading surfaces of concrete in the biaxial stress plane for a work-hardening-plasticity model.
Figure 1.8: Original analytical model. ( Ngo and Scordelis, 1967.)

Figure 2.1: Typical plot of compressive stress vs. axial, lateral, and volumetric strain.
Figure 2.2: Response of concrete to uniaxial loading. ( Karsan and Jirsa, 1969.)
Figure 2.3: Complete compressive stress-strain curve. ( Wischers, 1978.)
Figure 2.4: Relation between stress-strength ratio and Poisson's ratio ?.
Figure 2.5: A proposed model under cyclic behavior. ( Darwin and Pecknold, 1974.)
Figure 2.6: Resulting tensile stress-strain curves. ( Hughes and Chapman, 1966.)
Figure 2.7: Stress-strain relationships of concrete under biaxial-compression test. ( Kupfer et al., 1969.)
Figure 2.8: Experimental stress-strain curves for biaxial tension-compression. ( Kupfer et al., 1969.)
Figure 2.9: Experimental stress-strain curves for biaxial tension. ( Kupfer et al., 1969)
Figure 2.10: Biaxial strength envelope of concrete. ( Kupfer et al., 1969.)
Figure 2.11: Typical stress-strain curve for concrete volume change under biaxial compression.
Figure 2.12: Failure modes of biaxially loaded concrete. ( Nelissen, 1972.)
Figure 2.13: Equivalent uniaxial stress-strain curve.
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