Cammarata, Stephanie, Shane, Darrell, Ram, Prasad. IID: An Intelligent Information Dictionary for Managing Semantic Metadata. Santa Monica: Rand, 1991.

C rdenas, Alfonso F., McLeod, Dennis. Research Foundations in Object-Oriented and Semantic Database Systems. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990.

de Brock, Bert. Foundations of Semantic Databases. New York: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Dewitz, Sandra, Olson, Michael. Semantic Object Modeling with Salsa: A Tutorial. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Salsa was a semantic modeling tool from WallData.

Fowler, Martin, Scott, Kendall. UML Distilled: Applying the Standard Object Modeling Language. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997. Best introductory book on UML; brief but surprisingly thorough.

Kilov, Haim, Ross, James. Information Modeling: An Object-Oriented Approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994.

Lukose, Dickson, et al. Conceptual Structures: Fulfilling Peirce's Dream. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.

Rishe, Naphtali. Database Design: The Semantic Modeling Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

Teorey, Toby J. Database Modeling and Design. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.

Warmer, Jos, Kleppe, Anneke. The Object Constraint Language: Precise Modeling with UML. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1999. UML's underlying constraint language.

Williams, Simon. The Associative Model of Data. Bucks, Great Britain: Lazy Software Ltd., 2000. A new model of database design and implementation based on promoting associations to a first-class object. Highly compatible with Semantic Web and business rule approaches.

Wisse, Pieter.