TABLE OF CONTENTS The intrinsic laser diode of the integrated TLLM model is based on the standard TLLM model [ [62]], where the laser cavity is divided into S sections each having a length of ? L. Each section is modelled by a scattering matrix that includes the stimulated gain, which is wavelength-dependent, and the facets are simply modelled by unmatched terminal loads. The interaction between photon density (proportional to the square of the optical field) and carrier density is described by the laser rate equations at each and every local section so that inhomogeneous effects can be considered.
Two processes called scattering and connecting are the main algorithms that form TLLM [ [24]]. Scattering nodes take incoming (incident) waves and scatter them to produce outgoing (reflected) waves. After a delay, the reflected waves will impinge on adjacent scattering nodes, becoming incident waves. The optical waves are represented as voltage pulses on dispersionless transmission-lines. All voltage pulses must arrive at scattering nodes at the same time; i.e. they must be synchronised.
The TLLM is a stochastic model, where optical power builds up from spontaneous emission noise, represented as current sources of random magnitude along the transmission-lines. Each spontaneous emission current source has a root-mean-square ( RMS) value that is dependent upon the local carrier density [ [25]]. The parameter values used in the intrinsic laser of the integrated TLLM model are listed in Table 15.3.
