List of Figures

Chapter 1: Concepts from Physical Chemistry

Figure 1.1: Illustration of the Boltzmann probability law of Equations (1.6) and (1.7). The state probability distribution is plotted at two different temperatures for a system with ten possible microstates with energy ranging from 10 ^? ²¹ to 10 ^? ²⁰ joules. At the lower temperature (T = 273 K), the lower-energy states are significantly more probable than the higher-energy states. At the higher temperature (T = 1000 K), the energy distribution becomes more uniform than at the lower temperature.
Figure 1.2: Illustration of an enzyme binding and reaction scheme for the reaction .
Figure 1.3: Illustration of a potassium ion concentration gradient across a cell membrane. The concentration gradient and the electrostatic potential oppose and balance one another in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Figure 2.1: Illustration of two species of ATP: ATP ^4? and HATP ^3?.
Figure 2.2: Mole fractions of ATP ^4? and HATP ^3? as functions of pH, predicted by Equation (2.5), given pK = 6.47.
Figure 2.3: Mole fractions of ATP ^4? and HATP ^3? as functions of pH, predicted by Equation (2.11), given pK ₁ = 6.47, pK ₂ = 3.83.
Figure 2.4: Transformed equilibrium Gibbs free energy as a function of pH, predicted from Equation (2.17), using the reference K _eq = 0.1, and the pK values from Table 2.1.
Figure 2.5: Upper panel shows change in pH as a...

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