?

approximately equal to

?

the Kronecker product

0 _m

m m all zeros matrix

0 _{m , n}

m n all zeros matrix

a

the magnitude of the scalar a

A ^*

the elementwise conjugate of A

A

the pseudoinverse of A

[ A] _i,j

the ( i, j)th element of A

A

the Frobenius norm of A

A ^H

the conjugate transpose of A

A ^T

the transpose of A

A

the determinant of A

rank( A)

the rank of the matrix A

tr( A)

the trace of A

vec( A)

the vector obtained by stacking the columns of A on top of each other

I _N

the identity matrix of dimension N N

?

the cardinality of the set ?

?( x)

the Dirac delta function

? _kl

the Kronecker symbol (equal to one if k = l and zero otherwise)

E{ }

the expected value

f _X ( x)

the pdf of the random variable X

f _x ( x ₁, x ₂, ..., x _N)

the joint pdf of the random variables X ₁, X ₂, ..., X _N

F _X ( x)

the CDF of the random variable X

F _x ( x ₁ , x ₂, ..., x _N)

the joint CDF of the...