List of Figures

Chapter 2: Surface Tension and Its Measurement

Figure 2.1: Liquid/liquid interface and balance of forces on molecules of liquids.
Figure 2.2: An "ideal liquid" box.
Figure 2.3: Equilibrium contact angle on an ideal surface.
Figure 2.4: Schematic of ( a) du Nouy Ring and ( b) Wilhelmy Plate.
Figure 2.5: Zissman plot for polytetrafluoroethylene using n-alkanes as the testing liquids. [4][23]
Figure 2.6: Zissman plot for polytethylene using n-alkanes as the testing liquids. [4][23]
Figure 2.7: Effect of temperature on critical surface tension of two plastics. ^[24]

Figure 3.1: Examples of energies of Lifshitz-van der Waals interactions and chemical bonds.
Figure 3.2: Zisman plot for homologous and non-homologous liquid series.

Figure 4.1: Sampling depth for surface analysis techniques. [1]
Figure 4.2: Schematic of the sample configuration relative to the reflective crystal in attenuated total reflectance IR.
Figure 4.3: Raman spectroscopy identified this micron-sized particle as polyethylene.
Figure 4.4: SEM images of a polymer-coated device ( a) 750 times magnification, and ( b) 35,000 times magnification. ^[1]
Figure 4.5: EDX elemental analysis of a clean PTFE surface. (Courtesy of DuPont Fluoroproducts.)
Figure 4.6: EDX elemental analysis of a contamination spot on the PTFE surface. (Courtesy of DuPont Fluoroproducts.)
Figure 4.7: Transmission electron micrograph of particles of emulsion-polymerized PVDF particles (D _p = 128 nm). ^[6]
Figure 4.8: Graphite is used as a control to demonstrate the resolution capabilities of the Philips 420...

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