Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2801 - 2900 of 3093
-
Automated (Robotic) Manual Transmissions
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Driven by the need to provide the functions of an automatic transmission, along with weight reduction and higher efficiency, many manufacturers are considering conversion of traditional manual ...
-
Automotive Suspensions
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Active damper and height control can sometimes be combined into a single strut design. By combining an actuator along the same axis as the damper, a complete assembly can be provided to the suspension ...
-
Biotechnology Process Vessell (Level)
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A west coast biotechnology manufacturer was developing a proprietary process involving blood plasma. The process produced a highly confidential and expensive liquid valued at approximately $100,000 ...
-
Blow Molding
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics displacement sensors are the favored method of position sensing in this application because of the need for high performance and continuous operation under demanding environmental ...
-
Cantilever Cutting Head
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Wood-Mizer®, the number one seller of sawmills worldwide, created portable sawmills in 1982. At that time, Wood-Mizer was the only company to use a cantilever-cutting head for its sawmills. This ...
-
Commercial Appliance Damping
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Front load washing machines can add useful feedback for load measurement and active damper control, such as with magneto-rheological dampers. By measuring damper compression, loading can be determined ...
-
Commercial Off-Road Vehicles
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: More and more, manufacturers are relying on linear position sensing to support the trend towards the automation of off-road vehicles and their implements. In these demanding applications, MTS ...
-
Commercial On-Road Vehicles
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: More and more, manufacturers are relying on linear position sensing to support the trend to automate on-road vehicles and related mechanisms. Position feedback is utilized not only to improve system ...
-
Construction Equipment
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: With the increasing need for improved safety systems, on-board diagnostic systems, control-by-wire and GPS-based excavation and grading control, more precise, predictable, reliable control of actuator ...
-
Die Casting
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Because of the extremely high shock loads experienced in this application, long term durability is an issue for any feedback sensor. Admittedly one of our harshest applications, MTS Temposonics ...
-
Flow Solder Machines
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics position feedback sensors are seeing more and more use in electronics production applications like wafer handling, chip inspection and automated board assembly. One example of this is ...
-
Food Processing
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The quantity and quality of the foods processed in a rolling mill depend on how precise the spacing between rollers is controlled. In this application, differences of even thousands of inches can ...
-
Glass Presses
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics displacement sensors are the favored method of position sensing in this application because of the need for high performance and continuous operation under demanding environmental ...
-
Hydraulic Cylinders
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: High performance and durability have made Temposonics the in-cylinder position sensor standard in the fluid power industry since their introduction in 1975. Our innovative modular design allows ...
-
Injection Molding Machine Builders
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Our sensing technology is routinely used on 4 axes of plastic injection molding machines: injector screw positioning, carriage positioning, ejector positioning, and mold closure. Superior ruggedness, ...
-
Liquified Propane Gas
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A regional gas utility had to dramatically cut costs through the use of automation at their gas distribution terminal. All pertinent information was data linked via a DCS system to an operations ...
-
Medical Dental Chairs
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Most dentists prefer to work on a given patient at an individually chosen position of the chair's height and angle. Remembering positions for each and every patient, as well as those positions unique ...
-
Medical Fluids Management
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The medical community has unique cleanliness and disposal requirements for treatment fluids and body waste. Our Temposonics sensors with floats are used very successfully in medical applications ...
-
Medical Hospital and Home Care Bed
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Automating the motion of patient care appliances, such as beds, allows the appliance to quickly adjust to preferred positions for treatment by a physician or for prescribed periodic position changes ...
-
Medical Infusion Pump
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Portable medication delivery systems need to be light, small and unquestionably reliable. Because MTS offers its technology in component form as well as completed sensors, designers of medical ...
-
Metal Forming/Shearing Presses
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics displacement sensors are utilized in this application because of the need for high performance and continuous repetitious operation under high shock load conditions. Today, as ...
-
Motion Platforms for Entertainment
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS brings its lengthy background in materials and aircraft motion platforms to the rapidly growing area of entertainment motion simulation. Here, the precision and responsiveness afforded by our ...
-
Motion Platforms for Flight Simulators
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: These longer stroke length applications are a natural fit for MTS Temposonics position sensors. In this industry, it is imperative that the motion simulator reacts to the training pilot's inputs so ...
-
Paper and Plastic Film Converting
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics position feedback sensors are used in a wide variety of paper and plastic film converting applications from winders/unwinders to slitters, even on flexographic printing machines. In ...
-
Paperboard Downstacking Machine
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Original equipment manufacturer, Alliance Machine Systems was looking for a way to fully automate its existing downstacking machine for the paperboard packaging industry with the goal of reducing ...
-
Pharmaceutical (Level)
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A large pharmaceutical company required a sanitary level measurement system for their blending tanks. The major requirements of this application were: * Sanitary * Clean-In-Place (CIP) and ...
-
Plastic Machine Retrofits
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: In an industry where we have long provided reliable, high performance position feedback, MTS Temposonics sensors are often utilized to bring new life to older equipment. Whether it be to replace ...
-
Pneumatic Cylinders
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: High performance and durability have made Temposonics the in-cylinder position sensor standard in the fluid power industry since their introduction in 1975. In an extremely cost competitive industry, ...
-
Primary Woodworking - Sawmills
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics sensors are designed and built to withstand the rigors of sawmill applications. So effective are Temposonics sensors in withstanding the high shock and vibration and extreme ...
-
Seagram's
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Seeking a new method of liquid level measurement, the Seagram's US distillery is retrofitting its facility to utilize magnetostrictive liquid level sensors to measure its spirit and carbonated ...
-
Secondary Woodworking - Finishing
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Wood finishing applications like planers, veneer shears and tennoners present a unique combination of performance, functionality and durability requirements that MTS Temposonics position sensors are ...
-
Specialty Chemical
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: DanChem Technologies, based in Danville, Virginia, has an extensive array of both stainless steel and glass-lined reactors that are available for the manufacture of specialty fine chemicals, and ...
-
Steel - Rolling Mills
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: In this application, the quality of sheet metal gauging depends on the performance of the position feedback and the continuous throughput of the rolling process on the dependability of the position ...
-
Tanker Spraying
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: When applying chemicals in agricultural and construction projects, knowing the current level of one or more fluids ensures proper application and provides early indication of problems, as well as ...
-
Tractor Cab Suspension and Lift Control
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The rugged environment of off-road equipment, suspension and implement position feedback is a natural environment for Temposonics C-Series sensors. These proven sensors stand up to the most abusive ...
-
Tractor Seat Suspension
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Operators of on-road and off-road mobile equipment get a rough ride unless some form of seat isolation from the frame is installed. However as effective as an elastomer or shock absorber equipped seat ...
-
Tractor Steering
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The tough operating environment of off-road equipment is a natural for Temposonics sensor steering position feedback. These proven sensors stand up to the most abusive shock and vibration ...
-
Good Positioning
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The Mercedes-Benz has a well-deserved reputation as a luxury brand with a ride as smooth as silk. Interestingly, one of the secrets behind its superlative handling is an MTS Temposonics ...
-
Integrated Sensor and Controller
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Today's engineers that are developing motion control systems have less time to spend on optimizing individual servoactuator axes to enhance process performance. In fact, they have barely enough time ...
-
Load-Frame Monitoring for Injection Molding Machines
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Negri & Bossi S.P.A., a leading plastic injection molding press manufacturer, discovered an innovative way to measure tonnage while reducing the amount of costly mechanical and electrical hardware on ...
-
Magnetostriction in Automotive Position Measurement
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. When placed in a magnetic field, these materials change size and/or shape (Figure 2). This physical response ...
-
Magnetostriction: How It Works
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Sensors based upon magnetostriction have been used in a wide variety of industrial applications for over 25 years since their invention at a company called Temposonics in the 1970's. The sensor's ...
-
Magnetostrictive Level Sensors by David Nyce and Adrian Totten
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Many types of industrial processes utilize Liquid Level sensors to provide the information needed to monitor and control the process. This enables the design parameters to be maintained in order to ...
-
Magnetostrictive Level Technology in Sanitary Processing
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Accurate liquid level measurement is crucial for the monitoring and control of batch and continuous chemical processing applications. Its purpose is to produce end products that are consistent in ...
-
Maintaining Level in Specialty Chemicals
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: DanChem Technologies, based in Danville, Virginia, has an extensive array of both stainless steel and glass-lined reactors that are available for the manufacture of specialty fine chemicals, and ...
-
Pharamaceutical Company Uses Level Sensors to Obtain Accurate and Reliable Measurements
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A pharmaceutical company based in California uses level sensors to measure water solutions and buffers in its portable tanks. The company needed to obtain accurate and reliable measurement results for ...
-
Precise Injection Control (Medical Design Technology)
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Many people suffer from mild to severely debilitating back or back-radiated leg pain. Physicians estimate that four out of five Americans will complain of back pain at some time in their lives. Though ...
-
Sense and Stack Alliance Machine Systems Case Study
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Original equipment manufacturer, Alliance Machine Systems was looking for a way to fully automate its existing downstacking machine for the paperboard packaging industry with the goal of reducing ...
-
Smaller, Lower-Cost Magnetorestrictive Position Sensors Open Up Consumer and Professional Products Applications
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: In a recent article, the pro and con attributes of position sensing technologies were compared. Under Magnetostrictive, the advantages were stated as "very accurate, small package size" but the ...
-
Bag-in-a-Box Beverage Industry
Description: Thousands of bag-in-a-box beverage containers are filled daily throughout the country and total millions of gallons per year. These boxes are, in turn, distributed to wholesaler operations and various ...
-
Diesel Engine Manufacturing
Description: Diesel engines power much of the world's industrial activity. From railroad locomotives, to ships and boats, construction and agricultural machinery, remote and standby power generation and ...
-
Drag Racing Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has been supplying turbine flowmeters to the automobile drag race world for the past several years. Typically a small HO Series flowmeter with a magnetic pick up coil is supplied ...
-
Gas Transmission Auxiliary Flowmeter Applications
Description: After the measurement of water, natural gas is the single most frequent fluid measured by Hoffer turbine flowmeters. A significant number of Hoffer turbine meters are used in the custody transfer ...
-
Greensboro City Street Cleaner Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer flow systems have been employed on street cleaning equipment commonly referred to as street flushers right here in our home state of North Carolina. In fact, we are proud to say that we help ...
-
Hydrocarbon Storage Facility Flowmeter Applications
Description: The town of Mont Belview, Texas, is located along the gulf coast. This geographic region is recognized for the vast underground salt cavern storage facilities. A number of refineries are also located ...
-
Leak Detection in Pipelines
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls continues to supply many "insertion" type turbine flowmeters to the petroleum pipeline industry. This type of meter is commonly used for leak detection and not custody transfer. ...
-
Low Flow Flowmeter Applications in the Coatings Industry
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls turbine flowmeters and electronics play an integral part in many commercial processes, where there is a need for measurement of a clean liquid or gas. Many unique applications use ...
-
Municipal Water Flowmeter Applications
Description: Bi-directional, adjustable insertion turbine flowmeters from the HP Series were provided. Meters included 2" rotors in order to obtain repeatable flow rates as low as .25 FPS. Flowmeters were equipped ...
-
Natural Gas in Venezuela: Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has recently supplied two computerized natural gas turbine flow measuring systems to Venezuela's gas industry. These systems accurately measure "mass" flow rate and total. ...
-
Navy Shock Testing
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls is proud to announce the successful conclusion to extensive Shock and Vibration Testing conducted on our HO2 & 4-inch Flowmeters and our HIT-2A Totalizers. Hoffer Flow Controls is ...
-
Peterbilt Batching Application
Description: Batching of solvent that is used to clean chassis prior to painting. In the case of Peterbilt, the EPA allows no more than 32 ounces to be sprayed on each chassis. The Hoffer batch controller has ...
-
Petroleum Distribution in India: Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has completed work on a project for Reliance in Jumnagar, India. The scope of the project involved the supply of 57 custody transfer turbine flowmeters along with meter runs, ...
-
Pharmaceutical Pill Coating Flowmeter Applications
Description: A pharmaceutical application for coating pills. This coating plays an important role in many medications. Pill coating makes taking pills more pleasant and more importantly it makes certain the pill ...
-
Pharmaceutical WFI Water
Description: Ultrapure deionized water is commonly used in the health care industry to manufacture products such as eye drops, nose spray, and hygiene products. This highly purified water, sometimes referred to as ...
-
Power Generation
Description: Currently, one of the strongest industrial growth markets is power generation. De-regulation of power and gas utilities in the United States and the increased demand for new power sources in emerging ...
-
Pressure Transmitters for Steel and Aluminum Mills
Description: The AST47SM steel mill package is able to perform in the rugged environment and meet the high demands of the steel and aluminum industry. The pressure port design is compatible with the high pressure ...
-
Shipboard Reverse Osmosis System Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls is a supplier of flow products to various agencies within the U.S. government including the Navy. We have supplied flowmeters and flow switches for a number of shipboard ...
-
Snowmaking Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has recently supplied two flowmeters for use in the snowmaking process at Whitetail Ski Resort located in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. One of the flowmeters is a 2" gas turbine ...
-
Steel Mill Flowmeter Applications
Description: To monitor oil spray on the top and bottom of a continuous feed steel sheet for quality assurance and optimization of oil coating. In addition, to monitor return flow of unused oil to a storage tank ...
-
Subsea Flowmeter Applications
Description: It has long been known that some of the largest reserves of oil and gas lay below the waters of the world's oceans. For the last several decades the relatively shallow coastal waters have been the ...
-
Basic Definitions and Concepts in Vibration and Shock Analysis
Description: A good vibration isolation system is reducing vibration transmission through structures and thus, radiation of these vibration into air, thereby reducing noise ...
-
Fundamentals of Vibration and Shock
Description: Mechanical vibration is a form of oscillatory motion. It occurs in all forms of machinery and equipment. It is what you feel when you put your hand on the hood of a car, the engine of which is ...
-
Multidegree of Freedom Systems - Coupled Modes
Description: Another property of mesh mounts is demonstrated by Figure 26 [5]. As can be seen, in practice there is a sudden sharp drop from the resonant point, ensuring that isolation is achieved almost ...
-
Nonlinearities
Description: The equations previously given for transmissibilty (Section 3.1) make certain assumptions which may not always be valid. For example, it is assumed that the damping is viscous or linear (resistance to ...
-
Vibration Isolation
Description: RESONANCE - It is seen in Figure 7 that displacement and stress levels tend to build up greatly when the forcing frequency coincides with the natural frequency, the build- up being restrained only by ...
-
Monitoring Reciprocating Gas Compressors with 4-20 mA Vibration Transmitters
Description: Vibration monitoring is well established as a tool for diagnosing the mechanical health of rotating machines. Machinery analysts and technicians have been successfully using vibration monitoring of ...
-
4-20 mA Vibration Monitoring of Chillers and Cooling Units
Description: 4-20 mA vibration monitoring of chillers and cooling units. Cooling towers, process coolers and HVAC cooling units can be monitored for vibration using the 4-20 mA analog input channels of existing ...
-
Wiring Guide for Dual Output Vibration and Temperature Sensors
Description: Wiring guide for dual output vibration and temperature sensors Wilcoxon Research manufactures three types of sensors that output a vibration signal and a DC voltage proportional to temperature. The ...
-
TN 22: Vibration Sensor Wiring and Cabling
Description: This technical note describes basic wiring and cabling installation techniques for accelerometers and other vibration sensors. It will allow qualified field technicians to connect vibration sensors in ...
-
TN 17: Installation of Vibration Sensors
Description: This technical note describes basic installation techniques for accelerometers and other vibration sensors. It will allow qualified field technicians to install vibration sensors in a variety of ...
-
Controlling a Heat-Sealing Process That Takes Less Than 1 Second
From: Laurel Electronics LLCDescription: A medical manufacturer needed to find a way to control the heat sealing of plastic bags and pouches containing sterilized supplies. If the sealing equipment did not apply enough heat, a hermetic seal ...
-
Measuring Length and Rate Using Quadrature for an Oil Drilling Operation
From: Laurel Electronics LLCDescription: Floating oil drilling platforms must be positioned accurately over undersea oil deposits before the platform's four legs can be dropped to secure the platform. Fine position control is achieved by ...
-
Obtaining Tank Volume from Pressure with Irregularly Shaped Tanks
From: Laurel Electronics LLCDescription: A Southeast chemical plant of liquid fertilizers needed a practical way to read out the content of liquid storage tanks based on pressure at the bottom of the tank. The challenge was that the tanks ...
-
Full-Scale Error vs. Setpoint Error
From: Environics, Inc.Description: A flow controller's accuracy is typically expressed as a percent of Full-Scale flow (%FS). This means that the flow controller is most accurate when operating at its rated full-scale flow rate. This ...
-
Texas Instruments: Novel Separation Technique for the Analysis of Trace Levels of Atmospheric Contaminants in Inert Semiconductor Process Gases
From: Environics, Inc.Description: Low ppb detection limits for contamination in cylinder gases have been achieved with gas chromatography using a modified gas injection system and megabore capillary columns with a variety of detectors ...
-
Bromide Analysis in Nickel Sulfamate Bath
Description: The Iotron Bromide Electrode may be utilized in analysis of nickel sulfamate bath as an easy means of monitoring the bromide additive. Caution must be exercised in using the electrode in strong ...
-
Bromide Analysis in Water
Description: The following analysis is valid for bromide levels as low as 0.5 ppm. Check the deionized water used in reagent preparation. The specific conductivity should be no greater than 2.0 uSCM-1 (5 Mohms). ...
-
Chloride Analysis in Water
Description: Chloride analysis is one of the most popular procedures involving ion-selective electrodes. Utilizing chloride selective electrodes, the user is assured of a fast, accurate analysis of the sample. ...
-
Chloride Determination in Copper-Sulfuric Acid Plating Bath
Description: Equipment: Meter: pH/Millivolt meter. Readability of 1 mV required, 0.1 mV preferred. Specific ion meter will provide direct readout of final answer or concentration factor. Consult manual for ...
-
Chloride Determination in Zinc Leach Bath
Description: Stirring: Electrode response is improved if samples and standardizing solutions are stirred at a fixed rate during measurements. ...
-
Determiation of Thiocyanate in Water
Description: The following procedure will provide the user with concentration of thiocyanate iions in most water sources. The only limitation is the sample be free of sulfide, mercury, and iodine ions. Sample ...
-
Determination of Calcium in Water
Description: Calcium, when complexed with carbonate, contributes to the total water hardness. Calcium is typically introduced to ground water as it passes over limestone, gypsum, gypsiferrons, shale or dolomite. ...
-
Determination of Ionized Calcium in Skim Milk
Description: Ionized calcium in skim milk can be measured directly in the normal range (1 mM to 4 mM) utilizing the Iotron Calcium Electrode. Potassium Chloride is added to both standard and sample for consistent ...
-
Determination of Water Hardness
Description: Originally the hardness of water was defined as the capacity of water for destroying the lather of soap. The hardness was determined by a titration with a standard soap solution. Metal ions including ...
-
Fluoride Analysis in Acid Baths
Description: The following procedure is provided as a general method for determining fluoride levels in chromic, nitric, hypochloric, perchloric, and other strong acids. The major requirement for sample ...
-
Fluoride Analysis in Chromium Plating Baths
Description: Fluoride in chromium plating baths acts as a catalyst. The following procedure allows direct analysis with no sample distillation necessary. ...
-
Fluoride Analysis in Water
Description: Fluoride analysis in water was one of the first widely accepted measurement techniques by ion selective electrodes. By adding buffer solution to the sample, practially all possible interferences are ...
-
Free Cyanide Analysis in Water
Description: The following procedure allows the user to determine free cyanide concentration in water samples. The procedure will not determine cyanide concentrations complexed. ...
-
Iodide Analysis in Water
Description: The following procedure is valid for iodide concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm. Check the deionized water used in reagent preparation. The specific conductivity should be no greater than 0.2 Scm-1. ...
-
Nitrate Analysis in Water
Description: The Iotron Nitrate Electrode is a liquid ion exchanger electrode with a thin, inert membrane. Nitrate in unpolluted and waste water in the range of 20-150 ppm can be determined by this method. Many ...