Electrical Distribution and Protection Reference Materials

Description: SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) National Accelerator Laboratory has been helping create the future for over 50 years. The name SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory pays homage to the legacy ...

Description: At IRISS, we provide our customers unsurpassed quality at every touch point. We focus on what we do best by continuously improving infrared (IR) window technology, building reliable products, ...

Description: Because many industries, including manufacturing, food, chemical, water and wastewater processing, oil refining and petrochemical processing and others, have become more dependent on sophisticated ...

Description: Any properly applied lightning protection device is only as effective as the ground system attached to it! Ground resistance (impedance) is usually measured using the 3-stake fall of potential method. ...

Description: The sudden release of gamma rays (high energy rays) in a nuclear explosion will cause almost instant ionization (the removal of electrons from atoms) of the atmospheric gases that surround the ...

Description: As CEO and Founder of IRISS, Inc., I am often asked how and why I designed our product line the way I did. As is common with such product development processes, there was no single epiphany which ...

Description: An important aspect of selecting thermal protection in your design is defining and communicating where you want to end up. ...

Description: The telecommunications company, the TalkTalk Group, has appreciated the value of thermal imaging for many years. The technology is used to detect electrical faults that could disrupt its network ...

Description: OSHA's 29 CFR Part 1910.132(d) states: The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective ...

Description: It is both unwise and expensive to underestimate lightning. A single bolt of lightning can pack up to 100 million volts of electricity, which is why lightning protection systems (LPSs) are so ...

Description: A paper mill in Georgia had run a very successful infrared inspection program for a number of years via a local contract thermographers working with the mill's in-house electricians. Although the ...

Description: Ofil has released their latest, top-of-the-line, handheld, high-definition (HD) corona detection equipment, the DayCor® LuminarHD. ...

Description: Globalization is forcing companies to constantly become more efficient. To drive efficiencies, many companies are implementing Lean Manufacturing to stay competitive in this ever shrinking world. This ...

Description: A panel buyer's or builder's worst nightmare is intermittent connectivity. These problems can be aggravating to resolve and costly in lost production. One of the simplest but most-important ways to ...

Description: Protecting circuits, electrical-control components, and loads is a central function of control panels. Unfortunately, identifying the appropriate protective devices is not a straightforward ...

Description: Circuit breakers are often used to supply current to more than one load. This separation of the circuits can occur directly from the load-side cable terminals of the circuit breaker. ...

Description: As wattages increase in high-density server racks, providing redundant power becomes more challenging and costly. Traditionally, the most practical solution for distributing redundant power in 208V ...

Description: Using SAN-EARTH to Reduce Grounding Resistance< ...

Description: Customers looking for ways to achieve low resistance grounds sometimes think that SAN-EARTH M5C conductive cement and Bentonite will provide similar results. Nothing could be further from the truth. ...

Description: Wind turbines are located in open spaces often in rocky mountainous areas where soil resistivity is high making them particularly vulnerable to lightning currents that may threaten human life or ...

Description: As any first-year engineering student can tell you, electrostatic discharge (ESD) is an electrical transient that poses a serious threat to electronic circuits. ...

Description: Franklin Telephone is an independent Telephone company that serves approximately 6700 subscribers over 10 exchanges in Southwest Mississippi. Franklin Tel takes pride in providing its customers ...

Description: Both Local Power and Line Power techniques have roles in today's FTTH networks. The technology choice is depen- dent on many factors including the availability of copper, the cost of maintaining both ...

Description: The phrase "Power Quality" has become ubiquitous in many engineering circles to preclude anything else outside of lightning strikes. Now while it is painfully obvious that lightning is an outstanding ...

Description: For this grounding lug soldering application, induction delivers consistent result is achieved each time and does not present a flame, so it helps create a safer, cooler working environment than other ...

Description: Power design in data centers is getting substantial attention - particularly by facilities and engineering personnel - as organizations pursue constant improvements in reliability and energy ...

Description: Properly sizing fuses for photovoltaic (PV) systems is critical for the safe, reliable and long-term operation of this renewable power source. Unlike typical electrical power distribution and control ...

Description: For the last several years, the reality of aging, overburdened electrical grids has been realized by the world-wide engineering and utility community. Identifying and addressing the issues has been a ...

Description: WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN AN ARC-FLASH RELAY ...

Description: NFPA 70E is a consensus standard whose stated purpose is to provide practical electrically safe work conditions. The development of NFPA 70E was originally promoted by OSHA in 1975 and the idea was ...

Description: Line-line fault and its protection in solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed in this paper. Depending on fault locations, the magnitude of line-line faults in PV arrays could be high enough to ...

Description: In the present times, power failures can no longer be addressed by simply lighting a candle or by using torchlight. The issue is not limited to grappling with mere absence of light or a temporary ...

Description: A fundamental element seldom discussed in the "Smart Grid Dialogue" is the vital role of backup power systems as a Smart Grid enabler. This white paper discusses the scope of the backup power issue in ...

Description: Arc flash incident energy calculations are frequently above 40 cal/cm2 for equipment connected directly to the secondary of power transformers. In some cases, it may be possible to reduce energies ...

Description: There is a growing trend in the UPS industry to create a highly efficient, more lightweight and smaller UPS system. Data Centers across the world are constantly searching for new ways to maximize ...

Description: Interest in complete overcurrent device selectivity has increased due to the addition of selectivity requirements to articles 700, 701, and 708 of the National Electrical Code (NFPA70). Many users, ...

Description: When selecting hazard monitoring equipment for bucket elevators and belt conveyors, there is a myriad of choices available. However, before you decide on the specific type of sensor and control you ...

Description: The ideal hazard monitoring equipment for a grain operation lasts indefinitely, works every time, and never gives you false alarms. It's possible to come close to that ideal by specifying the correct ...

Description: Static transfer switch (STS) devices occupy a unique architectural location in mission critical infrastructure systems, in that their tolerance for failure is virtually zero. Generally located at the ...

Description: This note presents an opinion related to the operation of switch mode power supplies (SMPS) as loads in data center power architectures where their input voltage may be subject to instantaneous phase ...

Description: With the increase of transformer size in the data center, much higher levels of available fault current are being seen. The use of "zero-crossing" circuit breakers to handle these faults, often in the ...

Description: The focus of recent data center conferences has been on trying to remove additional heat being produced in computer rooms. The introduction of blade servers has not only increased the amount of heat ...

Description: An open SCR condition on the inactive side of a static transfer switch cannot be detected. When a switch is in an off position it is impossible to predict that the switch will conduct current through ...

Description: Customers often ask why we don't recommend installing our CTs on uninsulated conductors when the insulation rating of the CT is 600 volts. This question most often arises when dealing with large ...

Description: Monitoring electrical current flow is an excellent method of gauging the performance of motor-driven devices (such as fans, pumps, and chillers) controlled by a building automation system (BAS). ...

Description: As of April 26, 2006, suppliers of UL listed Industrial Control Panels (ICP) must clearly label the Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR) of each panel so that users can properly apply them per National ...

Description: Current-limiting fuses can limit arc flash incident energy to low values provided that the arcing fault current exceeds the fuse's threshold current. Threshold current is defined as the lowest ...

Description: Arc flash incident energies can often be significantly reduced by simply replacing UL Class RK5, Class K, and Class H fuses with A6D UL Class RK1 fuses. This is an easy and inexpensive solu¬tion, ...

Description: Current limiting fuses can reduce both the magnitude and duration of a fault current. A UL Listed, current limiting fuse must clear a short circuit current in less than one half cycle in its current ...

Description: Cooper Crouse-Hinds has revised its Code Digest for 2008 to meet the needs of design personnel for a ready reference to equipment and installation ideas in hazardous locations. Selected Articles from ...

Description: We have mentioned in previous articles that there are many types of protection concept. One of the simplest concepts to understand and apply to almost any type of apparatus is purging. Purge, ...

Description: The arc flash hazard calculation method proposed in IEEE 1584 is based on tests with the arcing electrodes in a vertical plane and the calorimeters arranged at 90° to this plane. In this paper the ...

Description: In power electronic applications, proximity and skin effects cause an increase in the resistance of fuse elements and possible unequal sharing of the total current between multiple parallel elements. ...

Description: Electrostatic discharge, more commonly known as ESD, appears in many forms. From lightning bolts to a near-invisible spark when touching a piece of metal, there is no single way to encapsulate all of ...

Description: ESD impacts productivity and product reliability in virtually every aspect of electronic environment. Despite the effort made over the past decade, ESD still costs the electronics industry billions of ...

Description: The intense energy and duration of an electric arc flash represents a very unique exposure. Everyday work clothes made from regular cotton or polyester cotton blended fabrics, regardless of weight, ...

Description: Both the Circulator 3rd port and Termination/Attenuator are specified to meet a VSWR over a given frequency band. The actual isolation result will depend on the phase of the Return Losses. An optimal ...

Description: Conventional LTCC material systems offer three standard metallization schemes, silver, gold and a mixed metal. For high reliability projects, the gold system is a common choice. When price is a ...

Description: Terminations designed to dissipate significant amounts of power at RF frequencies have traditionally been fabricated on beryllium oxide (BeO) substrates. The high thermal conductivity and moderate ...

Description: Barry Industries offers parts using flanges made from both copper tungsten (CuW) and copper (Cu) flange materials. In the case of the copper tungsten flange material the construction is 100% brazed. ...

Description: A circuit breaker is an electrical switch that automatically opens a circuit when certain electrical conditions are met. In general, circuit breakers open (trip) when the electrical current through a ...