Networking and Communication Equipment Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 1129
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The Future of Filters Is Clear: Unlocking the Advantage of Glass Filter Technology
From: Marki Microwave LLCDescription: Designers operating below the millimeter-wave regime, particularly in the sub-6 GHz range, have historically faced limited options for compact, high-performance filtering solutions. Understanding the ...
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Primer Mixers Basics
From: Marki Microwave LLCDescription: Microwave mixers translate the frequency of electromagnetic signals. This functionality is vital for an enormous number of applications including military radar and surveillance, radio astronomy, and ...
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Evaluating True VNA Performance: Metrology-Grade vs. Non-Metrology VNAs
Description: A VNA data sheet typically highlights a small set of headline specifications such as dynamic range, output power, and sweep speed. While these metrics are useful, they do not always provide a complete ...
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Advantages of Running CMT VNA Software on ARM Platforms for Distributed RF Sensing
Description: The ability to run Copper Mountain Technologies' Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) software on ARM-based platforms such as the Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, introduces significant flexibility and ...
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CBRS Deployment and Optimization: Practical RF Challenges Solved with Low-Cost Vector Network Analysis
Description: The Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band from 3.55 to 3.7 GHz has rapidly become a cornerstone for private LTE and 5G deployments, enabling enterprises, utilities, campuses, and industrial ...
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Rethinking mmWave Measurement: Beyond the Traditional VNA
Description: Millimeter-wave testing is no longer a niche requirement. From 5G FR2 and satellite communications to radar, imaging, and advanced materials, mmWave measurement has become routine across modern RF ...
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Making Material Measurements with a VNA
Description: Knowing a material's RF properties, such as its complex permittivity and permeability, can be very important. The radome protecting an outdoor radar from the elements must have a?known permittivity ...
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China Has Launched the Second Phase of 6G Technology Trials
From: 5o.comDescription: China has built 4.838 million 5G base stations, with 5G coverage now available in all townships and 95% of administrative villages nationwide. We have established the world's largest and most ...
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RF Signal Generator Selection
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: RF signal generator selection depends on more than frequency range. Output level, phase noise, spurious performance, modulation, sweep behavior, and remote control all affect system fit. This article ...
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Why RF Generator Spur Performance Matters
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: Spurious performance directly affects RF measurement accuracy. Low spurious architecture improves receiver testing, filter evaluation, and automated validation workflows, especially in microwave ...
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SelVCD™: A Revolutionary Way of Driving Power MOSFETS in Gate Driver Applications
From: Skyworks Solutions, Inc.Description: As the global economy progresses along the paths of electrification and automation, the need for precise and reliable high-power electronics is growing. Reports suggest that the global market for ...
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Core Technology Evolution of RF Microwave Communications
From: 5o.comDescription: Core Technology Evolution of RF Microwave Communications.RF microwave communications (300MHz-300GHz) are the cornerstone of wireless communications, and their technological evolution is directly ...
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Sweep or CW RF Generator?
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: Sweep and CW operation in RF signal generators serve different purposes. The choice depends on measurement type, DUT behavior, and test workflow. This article outlines when to use sweep or CW mode in ...
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Evaluating Phase Noise in RF Signal Generators
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: Phase noise in RF signal generators is application-dependent. Its impact varies with offset frequency, system sensitivity, and reference stability. This article focuses on how to interpret ...
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20 GHz vs. 40 GHz RF Signal Generators: How Engineers Decide
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: This article discusses how engineers typically decide between 20 GHz and 40 GHz RF signal generators in practical RF and microwave test environments. It explains why the choice is not simply a matter ...
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Key Specifications to Check Before Buying an RF Signal Generator
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: This article outlines the main specifications engineers should review before selecting an RF signal generator for practical RF and microwave test work. It explains why frequency range alone is not ...
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Antennas for Smart EV Infrastructure: The Invisible Backbone of Electric Mobility
Description: As electric vehicle (EV) usage grows worldwide, dependable wireless connection has become critical for efficient smart EV infrastructure. This article investigates the importance of antennas in ...
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Integration Guidelines for the Ignion GNSS Antenna Solution
From: IgnionDescription: There is ongoing debate regarding the necessity of RFFE (Radio Frequency Front-End) circuitry between the antenna and the GNSS receiver. A GNSS receiver is a sophisticated electronic component ...
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Maximize Battery Life in Multi-Radio Devices
From: IgnionDescription: Design strategies to enhance antenna efficiency by solving antenna coupling and isolation issues ...
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Ethernet-APL for End Users and Device Manufacturers - How to get Started
Description: Ethernet-APL (Advanced Physical Layer) offers considerable benefits for end users in the process industry by facilitating seamless connectivity between field devices using the Ethernet protocol and ...
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Ethernet-APL Network Topologies: Building Stable and Future-Proof Process Networks
Description: The process industry is under growing pressure to increase efficiency, ensure safety in hazardous environments, and accelerate digital transformation. Traditional Fieldbus infrastructures, while ...
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Industry 4.0 Implementation for HART Devices
Description: An essential feature of modern Industry 4.0 solutions is the networking of machines and plants. When a continuous digital data flow is guaranteed across all production levels, data from intelligent ...
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Ethernet-APL Modernizes Process Automation Networks
Description: Ethernet-APL brings all of the familiarity and use of standard Ethernet to the process industries while solving challenges such as using single twisted pair cables rather than 4-pair cables, ...
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Benchtop RF Signal Generator vs Modular RF Signal Generator: Which One Fits Your Project?
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: This article examines the practical differences between benchtop RF signal generators and modular RF signal generators in RF and microwave applications. It explains how each format supports different ...
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How 6G Antenna Innovation Is Redefining Wireless Connectivity in 2026
Description: As the transition from 5G to 6G begins, antenna technology emerges as a key enabler of next-generation wireless connection. This article looks at how 6G antennas are intended to work in the ...
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How to Choose a 20GHz or 40GHz RF Signal Generator for Your Test Setup
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: When engineers choose an RF signal generator, one of the most common questions is whether a 20GHz platform is enough or whether a 40GHz model is the better choice. On paper, the answer may look ...
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What Is an RF Signal Generator and How Is It Used in RF Testing?
From: Corech MicrowaveDescription: This article provides an overview of RF signal generators and their role in practical RF testing. It explains how these instruments are used to create controlled signal conditions for evaluating ...
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Designing Antennas for Smart City Infrastructure: The 2026 Engineering Guide
Description: As smart cities grow, antenna design becomes increasingly important in guaranteeing dependable communication throughout congested urban areas. This paper investigates the engineering issues associated ...
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Optimizing RF Production Testing with 1-Port VNA Solutions
Description: As RF technologies continue to expand across communications, automotive, aerospace, and industrial markets, production testing has become a central constraint on both cost and throughput. The ...
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Multi-Radio Antenna vs. Traditional Chip Antenna: The Future of Wireless Connectivity
From: IgnionDescription: The need for seamless, multi-band communication is pushing the industry toward multi-radio antenna technology, offering unparalleled performance and flexibility. In today’s rapidly evolving IoT ...
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VNA Gating with Time Domain Processing
Description: A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is typically used to characterize devices such as filters, antennas, amplifiers and other RF devices. The VNA makes S-Parameter reflection measurements. These ...
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Amplifier Measurements
Description: RF amplifiers are an important part of many RF systems designs and it is often required to make Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurements of them to verify function and ensure suitability for the ...
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Reliable Connectivity Powering Intelligent Traffic Management
From: AdvantechDescription: Intelligent Traffic Management systems leverage advanced technologies to optimize and control urban and highway traffic flows. These solutions integrate high-speed fiber-optic networks, wireless ...
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Connectivity for Energy Distribution
From: AdvantechDescription: A major European energy distribution company operating over 200 primary substations, 4,000 secondary substations, 15,000 km of transmission lines, and 400+ power generation facilities initiated a ...
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Quality of Service (QoS)
From: Volktek CorporationDescription: Industrial Ethernet networks are expected to deliver high reliability and consistent data availability for mission-critical operations. While managed Ethernet switches provide advanced traffic control ...
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Chip Antennas in IoT: Why Miniaturized Antennas Are Dominating Wireless Hardware in 2026
Description: As the size and capacity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices continue to diminish, chip antennas are emerging as the preferred wireless solution for tiny hardware design. These small surface-mount ...
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Integrated 5G Connectivity for Industrial Computing
From: OnLogic Inc.Description: The industrial landscape demands solutions that are faster, more reliable, and smarter than ever. For engineers, project managers, and other innovators tackling modern edge computing challenges, ...
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Next-Generation Tactical Antennas for Defense: Resolving RF Interference in Contested Environments
Description: The article "Next-Generation Tactical Antennas for Defense - Resolving RF Interference in Contested Environments" examines how advanced antenna technologies are addressing the growing challenges of ...
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Article: MQTT vs. REST vs. OPC UA: Choosing the right industrial communication protocol
Description: Learn the key differences between MQTT, REST, and OPC UA and how to choose the right one for your system. ...
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What is the Difference Between a Wi-Fi Extender and an External Antenna?
Description: The article "What Is the Difference Between a Wi-Fi Extender and an External Antenna?" explains the distinct roles these two devices play in enhancing wireless network performance. A Wi-Fi extender ...
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5G Public Safety Applications
From: NWSDescription: What does 5G mean for IoT? ...
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5G & IoT
From: NWSDescription: What does 5G mean for IoT? ...
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5G Coverage Discussion
From: NWSDescription: How new 5G bands differ from traditional bands in terms of propagation? ...
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5G Testing
From: NWSDescription: What are over-the-air (OTA) test solutions, and why are they important? ...
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5G Health & Safety Discussion
From: NWSDescription: Is it dangerous to live near a 5G cell tower? ...
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Directional Coupler Primer
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Directional couplers are used in many different testing applications where power or frequency needs to be monitored, leveled, alarmed or controlled. ...
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Vital Signals: The Engineering Behind Antennas for Wearable Medical Devices
Description: The article "Antennas for Wearable Medical Devices" investigates how antenna design influences the performance and reliability of wearable health monitoring systems. Wearable medical equipment, such ...
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The Invisible Connection: Which Wireless Technology is Right for Your Device?
Description: Wireless technology has become the backbone of modern communication systems, enabling seamless data transmission without the need for physical cables. This guide provides an overview of the most ...
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Impact of IIoT Systems on Bulk Solids Management
From: BinMaster, Inc.Description: Now more than ever, manufacturers expect-and must navigate-volatile supply chains and pricing. Effective bulk material management begins with smart systems that make data easily accessible, which ...
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Hybrid Coupler Definitions
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Definitions of Hybrid Coupler-related terms ...
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Hybrid Couplers FAQs
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Hybrid Couplers are passive devices used to perform many functions, including splitting and combining signals in amplifiers, switching circuits, and antenna beam forming networks used in a wide range ...
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AI-Assisted Filter Design Optimization and Automated Synthesis
Description: The design of analog and digital filters has long represented one of the most computationally intensive and iterative tasks in signal processing and circuit design. Traditional filter design ...
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Beyond the Lens: How Next-Gen Antennas Power the Future of AR & VR
Description: The article "Antennas in AR & VR Technology" emphasizes the importance of modern antenna systems in providing immersive Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) experiences. While displays ...
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Ultra-Wideband: Ultimate Guide to UWB Technology and Applications
From: IgnionDescription: From enabling smarter homes to improving security on vehicles, Ultra-Wideband technology provides a foundational technology for enhancing connection. UWB is transforming wireless communication by ...
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Cellular IoT Connectivity: Powering the Next Generation of Smart Devices
From: IgnionDescription: From smart meters buried in urban basements to agricultural sensors spread across vast fields, cellular IoT connectivity is quietly but powerfully reshaping how devices connect and communicate. The ...
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IoT Edge Gateway for Industrial Use
From: OnLogic Inc.Description: The edge gateway has evolved from a simple protocol translator to a powerful, intelligent compute node. In the dynamic landscape of Industry 4.0 and beyond, the edge is where real-time decisions, data ...
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How Smiths Interconnect Helps Advanced AESA Radar
Description: This article explains how AESA radars, which are built around transmit/receive modules (TRMs), can enable rapid electronic beam steering and multifunction operation in complex environments. It ...
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180-Degree Hybrids Control Signals From 2 to 20 GHz
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Hybrids perform many functions, including splitting and combining signals in amplifiers, switching circuits, and antenna beam-forming networks. ...
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Krytar Applications Idea #5 Krytar Directional Couplers
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: KRYTAR Directional Couplers: Term Definitions, Testing, and Typical Applications ...
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Krytar Applications Idea #1
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Microwave or RF Amplifier Test Setup ...
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Power Dividers Primer
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Important specifications when determining how to use a power divider includes insertion loss, amplitude and phase balance and return losses. For power combining of uncorrelated signals, the most ...
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Biconical Antenna FAQ's
From: A.H. Systems Inc.Description: What are the advantages of a biconical antenna over a dipole antenna? ...
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Log Periodic Antenna FAQ's
From: A.H. Systems Inc.Description: What is a Log Periodic Antenna? ...
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Horn Antenna FAQ's
From: A.H. Systems Inc.Description: Common Questions ...
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Dipole Antenna FAQ's
From: A.H. Systems Inc.Description: What is a dipole antenna? ...
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Loop Antenna FAQ's
From: A.H. Systems Inc.Description: Common Questions ...
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Streamline BESS Operations with Real-time Linux ECS Control
From: AdvantechDescription: The ECU-150 IoT gateway supports streamlined battery energy storage control & monitoring to optimize operations. ...
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5 Major Benefits of Port-Powered Serial Converters: Enhancing Industrial Communication Efficiency and Stability!
From: AdvantechDescription: n today's highly automated and digitized production environments, communication stability and system integration efficiency are critical indicators of a company's competitiveness. Port-Powered Serial ...
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The 4 Major Benefits of Isolated USB Hubs: Effortlessly Address Electromagnetic Interference and Downtime Risks!
From: AdvantechDescription: In the era of Industry 4.0 and smart cities, many production devices, sensors, and controllers still heavily rely on USB interfaces for data exchange. However, consumer-grade USB hubs often face ...
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Restricting Data Traffic with Port Isolation
From: Volktek CorporationDescription: Communication within Operational Technology (OT) networks typically needs to be reliable and secure to ensure correct operation and avoid downtimes. It is therefore extremely important, especially in ...
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What are the Benefits of Using an Auto GPS Tracking Device, and How Does it Work?
Description: Auto GPS tracking systems employ satellite positioning and cellular data transfer to offer real-time or periodic car location updates, making them useful tools for both personal and business fleet ...
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How Can I Add a GPS/GSM Antenna on a Different Board?
Description: The article provides a practical, step-by-step guide for integrating GPS and GSM antennas onto a separate PCB or custom board, aimed at designers working on tracking, IoT, or wireless communication ...
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What is the Difference Between a Bluetooth Tracker and a GPS Tracker?
Description: The article discusses the fundamental distinctions between Bluetooth trackers and GPS trackers, two popular technologies for tracking goods. Bluetooth trackers use Bluetooth connectivity to provide ...
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How Wireless Network Solutions Integrate with IoT Devices
Description: The article describes how wireless network technologies serve as the core of current Internet of Things (IoT) systems by enabling connection that allows IoT devices to communicate, transport data, and ...
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What are the Security Challenges Associated with IoT Devices and Networks?
Description: Security challenges associated with IoT devices and networks are numerous and diverse, given the vast range of devices and applications within the IoT ecosystem. ...
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Exploring The Mechanics of 5G RF Modules and Their Role in High-Speed Networks
Description: A 5G RF (Radio Frequency) module is a hardware component used in communication systems to transmit and receive data over the 5G network. It works by converting digital signals from a device's ...
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Vibration Measurement on Low-Reflectivity Automotive Materials Using the Q2 Laser Doppler Vibrometer
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: Non-contact vibrometry of dark, porous automotive interior materials traditionally suffers from poor optical return, phase instability and measurement drop-outs, limiting the ability of NVH ...
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What Is RTLS and How It Transforms Industrial Operations
From: IgnionDescription: In connected industries, location is power. From hospitals to factories, real-time locating systems (RTLS) transform visibility into faster decisions and safer operations. But what is RTLS exactly, ...
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Characteristics of Thermocouple Power Monitors
From: LadyBug Technologies LLCDescription: Thermocouple RF power monitors are widely used for accurate measurement of RF power in demanding applications. Unlike other sensor technologies that require correction factors or compensation ...
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How Our SpeckleGuard™ Technology Minimizes Noise
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: Speckle noise remains a significant barrier in coherent laser vibrometry, particularly when measuring rough, composite, or low-reflectivity surfaces. Speckle arises due to the interference of coherent ...
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Big Data for Big Ships
From: WAGODescription: Under Maritime 4.0, big data will check in on large ships within commercial shipping. While Industry 4.0 continues to adopt specific forms for process automation, the first cyber-physical systems and ...
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Safely on Course in the Binary Sea
From: WAGODescription: With increased digitization and networking aboard ships, the risk for data abuse and cybercrime also increases. Anyone considering the possibilities of Maritime 4.0 must also consider the increased ...
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The Benefits of Edge Computing
From: WAGODescription: The networked, intelligent, self-controlling, self-optimizing, and resource-efficient production is the central scenario of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) – the smart factory. Despite ...
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What is LTE-M? Definition, Benefits and Use Cases
From: IgnionDescription: Wireless devices are reshaping industries, from smart utilities to logistics, but they require connectivity that is energy-efficient, reliable, and globally available. Conventional LTE was built for ...
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IoT in Transportation: The Ultimate Guide to Real-World Wireless Use Cases
From: IgnionDescription: From supply chains to city buses, IoT in transportation is reshaping how we move people and goods. The combination of connected sensors, cloud platforms, and advanced analytics has unlocked ...
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Vibration Analysis of PCBs for Critical Applications
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: Printed circuit boards (PCBs) used in critical sectors such as space, defence, aeronautics, and transportation must endure harsh vibration environments without failure. Conventional vibration testing ...
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Why Precision Timing Matters More Than Ever
From: SiTime CorporationDescription: Precise timing has always been a foundational aspect of electronics and system design. What's changed is when engineers address it. Timing is no longer an afterthought-selected late in the design ...
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Balancing the Load: Time Sensitive Networking for a More Resilient Grid
From: SiTime CorporationDescription: Today's electric grids are no longer simple or centralized. Distributed power, renewable integration and legacy infrastructure make them complex to manage, demanding real-time precision to avoid ...
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Compact & Rugged Hybrid Micro-D Connectors with Intergrated VITA 67.3 NanoRF Contacts For Embedded Defense Systems
Description: Modern defense and aerospace systems demand compact, high-frequency, and robust interconnect solutions capable of handling both RF and signal requirements in harsh environments. This presentation ...
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The Spectrum Gatekeepers: How RF Filters Protect Military Systems
Description: Effective communication is essential for any coordinated military operation. On a modern battlefield, numerous radio systems often operate in close proximity, each needing access to specific channels. ...
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Full-Field Quantitative Modal Analysis in 20 Minutes: A Complete Workflow Guide
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: This workflow guide presents a streamlined and high-efficiency methodology for conducting full-field quantitative modal analysis in approximately 20 minutes, enabled by the advanced laser RADAR ...
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Ommatidia LiDAR at WEG: Field-Ready Vibrometry for Industrial Motor and Transformer Diagnostics
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: In collaboration with WEG, Ommatidia LiDAR deployed its Q2 Laser RADAR in four real-world industrial diagnostic field tests-on a transformer producing buzzing noise, a 3.5 MVA generator, its coupled ...
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Remote Sound Sensing with Laser RADAR: How the Q2 Redefines Vibration and Acoustic Analysis
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: Conventional acoustic and vibration measurement techniques-relying on accelerometers, microphones or strain gauges-often suffer from limited spatial coverage, altered dynamics due to sensor mass ...
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Understanding Filter Types and Their Characteristics
Description: As one of the fundamental signal processing components in RF and microwave circuits, filters play a critical role in determining any system's ultimate performance ...
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Useful Definitions for Specifying Anatech Filters
Description: This document defines parameters that are important to understand when specifying Anatech filters and filter-based products. Many of the parameters or specifications described below apply to other ...
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Specifying Filters: Get it Right the First Time!
Description: RF & microwave filters have long been a comparatively simple solution for eliminating interference. However, specifying filters effectively requires some basic knowledge about key performance ...
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LC Design Guide
Description: Lumped Element (LC) Filters ...
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How to Specify RF and Microwave Filters
Description: As one of the fundamental signal processing components in RF and microwave circuits, the filter plays a critical role in determining any system's ultimate performance ...
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How Filters Become the Spectral Shield for UAV Anti-Jamming
From: UIY Inc.Description: In complex electromagnetic environments, UAVs face various intentional and unintentional radio frequency interference, which can block or spoof control and data transmission links, leading to loss of ...
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How Wearables are Powering the Future of Patient Monitoring
From: Nordic Semiconductor ASADescription: Wearables have enjoyed a meteoric rise in popularity in recent years to the point that one in four of us now wear a smart connected device. Fifteen years ago, it was one in 100 people[1]. This growth ...