Biomedical Optics

Chapter 9 - Optical Coherence Tomography

9.1.   INTRODUCTION

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), which was invented in the early 1990s,
falls into the category of ballistic optical imaging. OCT is analogous to ultrasonography.
The transverse resolution results from the confocal mechanism, albeit
with a small numerical aperture. The axial resolution results from the arrival
times of echoes. The detection in OCT, however, is based on interferometry
since light speed is five orders of magnitude greater than sound speed. The maximum
imaging depth in scattering biological tissue is 1–2 mm, and the spatial
resolution ranges from 1 to 10 μm. As a result, the depth-to-resolution ratio
is greater than 100, which qualifies OCT as a high-resolution imaging modality.
The contrast originates primarily from backscattering (or backreflection) and
polarization. Since the human eye provides an optically transparent window,
noninvasive imaging of the retina is thus far the most competitive application
of OCT.

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