Security Sage's Guide to Hardening the Network Infrastructure
This text provides detailed, hands-on coverage on how use network devices, protocols and design techniques to optimize the security of your Enterprise Network.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Security Sage's Guide to Hardening the Network Infrastructure
The Origin of Switching
Switching lends itself to many topologies, such as Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), but most network administrators consider switching as an advanced descendent of Ethernet networking. Ethernet started with Robert Metcalfe of Xerox s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s. Two other companies, Digital Equipment Corporation and Intel, realized the potential of Ethernet, and together these three companies established DIX (Digital Intel Xerox) Ethernet in 1980. For Ethernet to emerge as a mature technology, it required the blessing of organizations that could anoint it as a standard. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) transformed DIX Ethernet into the IEEE 802.3 standard officially on June 23, 1983, which the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved on December 31, 1984. Most networking professionals now consider Ethernet a synonym for IEEE 802.3.
Novell and Ethernet Frame Types
Novell divides Ethernet into four different frame types:
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802.2
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802.3
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Ethernet II
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Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP)
Novell NetWare used what Novell called 802.3 as the frame type for Sequenced Packet Exchange/Internetwork Packet Exchange (SPX/IPX), Novell s proprietary protocol suite, in version 3.11. The rest of the industry calls this 802.3 RAW because Novell introduced the product before the IEEE ratified the standard, so it s not quite 802.3. When Novell introduced NetWare 3.12, they switched the default frame type to what they called 802.2, which they explained was 802.3 with Logical Link Correction (LLC). The rest of the industry calls this 802.3. Any...
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