Combustion Instabilities in Gas Turbine Engines: Operational Experience, Fundamental Mechanisms, and Modeling

Timothy C. Lieuwen [*]
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
Copyright 2005 by the author. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
| Nomenclature | |
|---|---|
| A FL | = flame-surface area |
| A LC | = limit-cycle amplitude |
| c | = speed of sound |
| d | = flame thickness |
| E | = energy |
| E a | = overall activation energy |
| f | = frequency |
| F | = flame-transfer function |
| G | = flame-area-transfer function |
| h | = enthalpy |
| ? h R | = heat of reaction per unit mass of reactant |
| ? I a | = net acoustic energy flux out of the flame |
| k | = wave number |
| Ka | = Karlovitz number |
| Le | = Lewis number |
| L F | = flame length |
| | = mass flow rate |
| M | = Mach number |
| | = total mass |
| Ma | = Markstein number |
| N | = dimensionless length scale defined in Eq. (12.34) |
| p | = pressure |
| Q | = heat-release rate |
| r | = radial coordinate |
| R | = jet or flame radius |
| | = reflection coefficient |
| s | = flame coordinate along the nominal flame surface |
| S c | = stretched flame speed |
| S 1 , s L | = laminar flame speed |
| S t | = Strouhal number (= fL f/ u 0) |
| St 2 | = modified Strouhal number defined in Eq. (12.23) |
| St c | = convective Strouhal number (= ?L f/ u c) |
| t | = time |
| T | = temperature |
| | = transmission coefficient |
| T b | = burned-gas temperature |
| u | = velocity |
| u c |