5.1 Description of the Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI)

The What is Happening in this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire was drawn on especially during the development of the Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI). The WIHIC was originally developed by Fraser, McRobbie and Fisher (1996) and attempted to incorporate those scales that previous studies had shown to be predictors of student outcomes. The robust nature of the What is Happening in this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire, in terms of reliability and validity, has been widely reported in studies that have used the instrument in different subject areas, at different age levels and in eight different countries. Since the initial development of the WIHIC, the questionnaire has been used successfully in studies to assess the learning environment in Singapore (Chionh & Fraser, 1998; Fraser & Chionh, 2000), Australia and Taiwan (Aldridge & Fraser, 2000; Aldridge, Fraser, & Huang, 1999), Brunei (Khine & Fisher, 2001; Riah & Fraser, 1998), Canada (Raaflaub & Fraser, 2002; Zandvliet & Fraser, 1998), Australia (Dorman, 2002), Indonesia (Margianti, Fraser, & Aldridge, 2001), the United States (Moss & Fraser, 2001) and Canada, Britain and the United States (Dorman, Adams & Ferguson, in press). Within these countries, the WIHIC has been used to assess a range of subjects including high school science (Aldridge & Fraser, 2000; Aldridge, Fraser & Huang, 1999; Moss & Fraser, 2001; Riah & Fraser, 1998), mathematics (Margianti, Fraser & Aldridge, 2001), mathematics and science (Raaflaub & Fraser, 2002) and mathematics and...