In this section we consider the second substance that is the focus of our detailed attention concerning the role of OELs in regulating chemical risks. We start with some general information concerning the nature of the hazards of toluene that have led to the setting of an OEL. This is followed by an outline of its use in the industries on which we have focussed and a presentation of some of the main sources of information on surveillance of compliance with exposure limits. Finally, we present some case-studies of policy and practice in selected companies whose personnel we interviewed in the course of our fieldwork.

Hazards. In Germany ^[287] toluene is regarded as a highly flammable substance with acute toxic effects that include disturbances of the central nervous system (CNS), minor irritation to the eyes and the airways and lung damage following aspiration. Chronic toxic effects are skin damage due to contact with the liquid and functional disturbances or damage to the CNS. A risk of reproductive-toxic action (impairment of reproductive capability and/or damage to the developing embryo or foetus) is suspected. ^[288] There are also some indications of a fertility decrease in animal experiments, which have not been proven in epidemiological studies. It is therefore classified as toxic to reproduction, category 3. Despite some positive results in certain mutagenicity studies on persons occupationally exposed, no final assessment of this effect has yet been completed. ^[289]

Relevant legislation and OEL. Toluene received its first MAK...