Biosolids Engineering

Appendix B: Physical Constants for Wastewater, Sludge, and Biosolids Management

TABLE B.1: Physical Consta

Acceleration due to gravity (standard),

g = 32.174 ft/s 2 (9.80665 m/s 2)(value varies with latitude)

Avogadro's number, N = 6.02283 10 23 molecules/g-mole

Boltzmann's constant, k = 1.3805 10 ?23 J/ K

British thermal unit (Btu at 60 F) = 778 ft-lb = 1054.54 J

Faraday's constant, F = 96,487 C(abs)/g-equiv.

Gas law constants

R = 1543 ft lb/(lb-mol) R (universal)

R = 53.3 ft lb/(lb-air) R (engineering gas constant for air)

R = 0.729 ft 3 atm/(lb-mol) R

Latent heat of fusion of water (0 C and 1 atm) = 144 Btu/lb = 334 J/g

Latent heat of vaporization of water (100 C and 1 atm) = 971 Btu/lb = 2258 J/g

Molecular mass of dry air = 28.97 lb/lb-mol (g/g-mol)

One acre = 43,560 ft 2 (2.4698 hectare)

One angstrom, A =10 ?10 m

One bar = 14.504 lb f/in 2 (10 5 N/m 2)

One cubic foot = 7.48 gal

One horsepower = 550 ft lb/s = 0.7457 kW

One pound per square inch = 2.31 ft of water

One torr = 1/760 standard atmosphere = 1 mm Hg

Specific weight of water (68 F) = 62.31 lb/ft 3

Standard atmosphere = 14.7 Ib/in 2 [101.325 kPa (kN/m 2)]

= 33.899 ft (10.333 m) of water

= 29.92 in Hg = 76 mm...

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