TABLE OF CONTENTS Distillation is the oldest and the most universal process of chemical technology and other branches of industry incorporating separation of mixtures.
Practically, all natural substances and substances produced in the chemical reactors are mixtures that do not have the properties required for using them in techniques and for household needs. These mixtures should be separated into components or groups of components.
Distillation has substantial advantages over other processes applied in order to separate a mixture, such as extraction, crystallization, semipermeable membranes, etc. As a rule, it is the most cost-effective process, so it may be used for mixtures with very diverse properties. This process is based on the fact that the composition of the boiling liquid and that of the vapor over it differ. Thus, if the boiling temperature is low (e.g., air separation), it is necessary to use low-temperature refrigerants and conduct the process at a higher pressure. If it is high (e.g., in separation of heavy oil fractions or metals), high-temperature heat carriers or fire preheating have to be used and the process is run under vacuum.
If the composition of the boiling liquid and that of the vapor over it are quite close (e.g., xylene isomers or isotope separation), there is substantial energy consumption, which results in high capital costs.
It is impossible to conduct the distillation process in the case of azeotropic composition (i.e., if the composition of the boiling liquid and that of the vapor are identical).
If...
