International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow: Numerical Methods in Aerospace: Civil Aviation and Space Exploration, Volume 14, Number 4, 2004

| a ? | = | freestream speed of sound |
| a h | = | non-dimensional distance of the elastic axis from midchord, positive aft of midchord |
| ACT | = | active control technology |
| b | = | aerofoil semi-chord |
| c | = | 2 b, aerofoil chord |
| c ? | = | non-dimensional distance of hinge axis from midchord, positive aft of midchord |
| CHM | = | control hinge moment, non-dimensional |
| C L | = | lift coefficient |
| C D | = | drag coefficient |
| | = | pitching moment coefficient about the elastic axis |
| e | = | total specific energy |
| EA | = | elastic axis |
| F | = | convective aerodynamic flux |
| f a | = | non-dimensional aerodynamic loads |
| f c | = | non-dimensional active control force |
| | = | non-dimensional free-play force |
| FPM | = | free-play moment about EA, non-dimensional |
| FPHM | = | free-play hinge moment about hinge axis, non-dimensional |
| G | = | control law gains |
| h | = | plunging displacement (measured +ve downwards) |
| HA | = | hinge axis |
| I ? | = | polar moment of inertia of aerofoil mass about EA |
| I ? | = | polar moment of inertia of control surface mass about EA |
| [ K] | = | non-dimensional stiffness matrix |
| K h | = | |
| K ? | = | |
| K ? | = | |
| L | = | q ? cC L, aerodynamic lift |
| LCO | = | limit cycle oscillations |
| m | = | mass of the aerofoil per unit span |
| [ M] | = | non-dimensional mass matrix |
| M ? | = | free-stream Mach number |
| M ea | = | |
| n |