SMS and MMS Interworking in Mobile Networks

Hello, said the little prince
Hello, said the points-man
What are you doing here?
I sort the passengers by bundles of one thousand,
I dispatch the trains once on the right, once on the left.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery, The Little Prince
In Chapter 1, we saw that the addressing of a HLR to obtain the information to send an SMS-MT uses the E164 routing tables in the GSMC of the destination network, which does not raise any adverse issues. Until 1999 this was not the case. Up to that point, many mobile operators had not commercially opened their SMS-MT inbound services so they had had no need for the tables. To send SMS to these networks, it was necessary for the third-party SMS network to build its own HLR numbering plan, which allows us to obtain the HLR GT from the MSISDN (GSM network) or MIN (IS-41 networks).
This is still important when one wants to send SMS-MT to certain countries, for example, Macau [1], that have unregulated MNP. That is, the regulator does not oblige each operator to terminate the calls or the SMS-MT sent to a ported-out subscriber. So we look in this chapter at how an accurate HLR numbering plan is computed to avoid the spanning of all HLRs, which mobile operators do not like to do because it loads their HLRs.
Another need is to build the full list of all MSCs of operators...