Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound

Appendix

A.1. Conversions and Constants

Conversions

Length (inches)

1 in

= 0.0254 m

Length (meters)

1 m

= 39.37 in

Weight (pounds)

1 pound

= 0.4536 kg

Weight (kg)

1 kg

= 2.205 pounds

Pressure (psi)

1 psi

= 6.895 kN/m 2

Pressure (Pa)

1 N/m 2

= 0.145 x10 -3 psi

Depth & Water Pressure

1 foot

= 0.444 psi

Depth & Water Pressure

1 meter

= 1.457 psi

Depth & Water Pressure

1 meter

= 10.04 kPa

Magnetic Field

1 Oe

= 79.58 A/m

Magnetic Field

1 kA/m

= 12.57 Oe

Constants

Free Dielectric

? 0

10 -9/36 ?

= 8.842 x 10 -12C/mV

Free Permeability

? 0

4 ? x 10 -7

= 1.2567 x 10 -6 H/m

Sound Speed

c

Sea Water

= 1,500 m/s @ 13 C

Sound Speed

c

Fresh Water

= 1,481 m/s @ 20 C

Sound Speed

c

Air

= 343 m/s @ 20 C

Density

?

Sea Water

= 1,026 kg/m 3 @ 13 C

Density

?

Fresh Water

= 998 kg/m 3 @ 20 C

Density

?

Air

= 1.21 kg/m 3 @ 20 C

A.2. Transducer Materials Ordered by Impedance, ?c

Nominal values of Young's modulus, Y, in 10 9 N/m 2,GPa, density, ?, in kg /m 3, bar sound speed, c, in m/s, Poisson's ratio, ?, characteristic impedance, ?c, in 10 6 kg/m 2s, Mrayls.

MATERIAL

Y GPa

? kg/m 3

?

cm/s

?c Mrayls

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