Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2901 - 3000 of 3139
-
Hydrocarbon Storage Facility Flowmeter Applications
Description: The town of Mont Belview, Texas, is located along the gulf coast. This geographic region is recognized for the vast underground salt cavern storage facilities. A number of refineries are also located ...
-
Leak Detection in Pipelines
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls continues to supply many "insertion" type turbine flowmeters to the petroleum pipeline industry. This type of meter is commonly used for leak detection and not custody transfer. ...
-
Low Flow Flowmeter Applications in the Coatings Industry
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls turbine flowmeters and electronics play an integral part in many commercial processes, where there is a need for measurement of a clean liquid or gas. Many unique applications use ...
-
Municipal Water Flowmeter Applications
Description: Bi-directional, adjustable insertion turbine flowmeters from the HP Series were provided. Meters included 2" rotors in order to obtain repeatable flow rates as low as .25 FPS. Flowmeters were equipped ...
-
Natural Gas in Venezuela: Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has recently supplied two computerized natural gas turbine flow measuring systems to Venezuela's gas industry. These systems accurately measure "mass" flow rate and total. ...
-
Navy Shock Testing
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls is proud to announce the successful conclusion to extensive Shock and Vibration Testing conducted on our HO2 & 4-inch Flowmeters and our HIT-2A Totalizers. Hoffer Flow Controls is ...
-
Peterbilt Batching Application
Description: Batching of solvent that is used to clean chassis prior to painting. In the case of Peterbilt, the EPA allows no more than 32 ounces to be sprayed on each chassis. The Hoffer batch controller has ...
-
Petroleum Distribution in India: Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has completed work on a project for Reliance in Jumnagar, India. The scope of the project involved the supply of 57 custody transfer turbine flowmeters along with meter runs, ...
-
Pharmaceutical Pill Coating Flowmeter Applications
Description: A pharmaceutical application for coating pills. This coating plays an important role in many medications. Pill coating makes taking pills more pleasant and more importantly it makes certain the pill ...
-
Pharmaceutical WFI Water
Description: Ultrapure deionized water is commonly used in the health care industry to manufacture products such as eye drops, nose spray, and hygiene products. This highly purified water, sometimes referred to as ...
-
Power Generation
Description: Currently, one of the strongest industrial growth markets is power generation. De-regulation of power and gas utilities in the United States and the increased demand for new power sources in emerging ...
-
Pressure Transmitters for Steel and Aluminum Mills
Description: The AST47SM steel mill package is able to perform in the rugged environment and meet the high demands of the steel and aluminum industry. The pressure port design is compatible with the high pressure ...
-
Shipboard Reverse Osmosis System Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls is a supplier of flow products to various agencies within the U.S. government including the Navy. We have supplied flowmeters and flow switches for a number of shipboard ...
-
Snowmaking Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has recently supplied two flowmeters for use in the snowmaking process at Whitetail Ski Resort located in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. One of the flowmeters is a 2" gas turbine ...
-
Steel Mill Flowmeter Applications
Description: To monitor oil spray on the top and bottom of a continuous feed steel sheet for quality assurance and optimization of oil coating. In addition, to monitor return flow of unused oil to a storage tank ...
-
Subsea Flowmeter Applications
Description: It has long been known that some of the largest reserves of oil and gas lay below the waters of the world's oceans. For the last several decades the relatively shallow coastal waters have been the ...
-
Basic Definitions and Concepts in Vibration and Shock Analysis
Description: A good vibration isolation system is reducing vibration transmission through structures and thus, radiation of these vibration into air, thereby reducing noise ...
-
Fundamentals of Vibration and Shock
Description: Mechanical vibration is a form of oscillatory motion. It occurs in all forms of machinery and equipment. It is what you feel when you put your hand on the hood of a car, the engine of which is ...
-
Multidegree of Freedom Systems - Coupled Modes
Description: Another property of mesh mounts is demonstrated by Figure 26 [5]. As can be seen, in practice there is a sudden sharp drop from the resonant point, ensuring that isolation is achieved almost ...
-
Nonlinearities
Description: The equations previously given for transmissibilty (Section 3.1) make certain assumptions which may not always be valid. For example, it is assumed that the damping is viscous or linear (resistance to ...
-
Vibration Isolation
Description: RESONANCE - It is seen in Figure 7 that displacement and stress levels tend to build up greatly when the forcing frequency coincides with the natural frequency, the build- up being restrained only by ...
-
Monitoring Reciprocating Gas Compressors with 4-20 mA Vibration Transmitters
Description: Vibration monitoring is well established as a tool for diagnosing the mechanical health of rotating machines. Machinery analysts and technicians have been successfully using vibration monitoring of ...
-
4-20 mA Vibration Monitoring of Chillers and Cooling Units
Description: 4-20 mA vibration monitoring of chillers and cooling units. Cooling towers, process coolers and HVAC cooling units can be monitored for vibration using the 4-20 mA analog input channels of existing ...
-
Wiring Guide for Dual Output Vibration and Temperature Sensors
Description: Wiring guide for dual output vibration and temperature sensors Wilcoxon Research manufactures three types of sensors that output a vibration signal and a DC voltage proportional to temperature. The ...
-
TN 22: Vibration Sensor Wiring and Cabling
Description: This technical note describes basic wiring and cabling installation techniques for accelerometers and other vibration sensors. It will allow qualified field technicians to connect vibration sensors in ...
-
TN 17: Installation of Vibration Sensors
Description: This technical note describes basic installation techniques for accelerometers and other vibration sensors. It will allow qualified field technicians to install vibration sensors in a variety of ...
-
Controlling a Heat-Sealing Process That Takes Less Than 1 Second
From: Laurel Electronics LLCDescription: A medical manufacturer needed to find a way to control the heat sealing of plastic bags and pouches containing sterilized supplies. If the sealing equipment did not apply enough heat, a hermetic seal ...
-
Measuring Length and Rate Using Quadrature for an Oil Drilling Operation
From: Laurel Electronics LLCDescription: Floating oil drilling platforms must be positioned accurately over undersea oil deposits before the platform's four legs can be dropped to secure the platform. Fine position control is achieved by ...
-
Obtaining Tank Volume from Pressure with Irregularly Shaped Tanks
From: Laurel Electronics LLCDescription: A Southeast chemical plant of liquid fertilizers needed a practical way to read out the content of liquid storage tanks based on pressure at the bottom of the tank. The challenge was that the tanks ...
-
Full-Scale Error vs. Setpoint Error
From: Environics, Inc.Description: A flow controller's accuracy is typically expressed as a percent of Full-Scale flow (%FS). This means that the flow controller is most accurate when operating at its rated full-scale flow rate. This ...
-
Texas Instruments: Novel Separation Technique for the Analysis of Trace Levels of Atmospheric Contaminants in Inert Semiconductor Process Gases
From: Environics, Inc.Description: Low ppb detection limits for contamination in cylinder gases have been achieved with gas chromatography using a modified gas injection system and megabore capillary columns with a variety of detectors ...
-
Bromide Analysis in Nickel Sulfamate Bath
Description: The Iotron Bromide Electrode may be utilized in analysis of nickel sulfamate bath as an easy means of monitoring the bromide additive. Caution must be exercised in using the electrode in strong ...
-
Bromide Analysis in Water
Description: The following analysis is valid for bromide levels as low as 0.5 ppm. Check the deionized water used in reagent preparation. The specific conductivity should be no greater than 2.0 uSCM-1 (5 Mohms). ...
-
Chloride Analysis in Water
Description: Chloride analysis is one of the most popular procedures involving ion-selective electrodes. Utilizing chloride selective electrodes, the user is assured of a fast, accurate analysis of the sample. ...
-
Chloride Determination in Copper-Sulfuric Acid Plating Bath
Description: Equipment: Meter: pH/Millivolt meter. Readability of 1 mV required, 0.1 mV preferred. Specific ion meter will provide direct readout of final answer or concentration factor. Consult manual for ...
-
Chloride Determination in Zinc Leach Bath
Description: Stirring: Electrode response is improved if samples and standardizing solutions are stirred at a fixed rate during measurements. ...
-
Determiation of Thiocyanate in Water
Description: The following procedure will provide the user with concentration of thiocyanate iions in most water sources. The only limitation is the sample be free of sulfide, mercury, and iodine ions. Sample ...
-
Determination of Calcium in Water
Description: Calcium, when complexed with carbonate, contributes to the total water hardness. Calcium is typically introduced to ground water as it passes over limestone, gypsum, gypsiferrons, shale or dolomite. ...
-
Determination of Ionized Calcium in Skim Milk
Description: Ionized calcium in skim milk can be measured directly in the normal range (1 mM to 4 mM) utilizing the Iotron Calcium Electrode. Potassium Chloride is added to both standard and sample for consistent ...
-
Determination of Water Hardness
Description: Originally the hardness of water was defined as the capacity of water for destroying the lather of soap. The hardness was determined by a titration with a standard soap solution. Metal ions including ...
-
Fluoride Analysis in Acid Baths
Description: The following procedure is provided as a general method for determining fluoride levels in chromic, nitric, hypochloric, perchloric, and other strong acids. The major requirement for sample ...
-
Fluoride Analysis in Chromium Plating Baths
Description: Fluoride in chromium plating baths acts as a catalyst. The following procedure allows direct analysis with no sample distillation necessary. ...
-
Fluoride Analysis in Water
Description: Fluoride analysis in water was one of the first widely accepted measurement techniques by ion selective electrodes. By adding buffer solution to the sample, practially all possible interferences are ...
-
Free Cyanide Analysis in Water
Description: The following procedure allows the user to determine free cyanide concentration in water samples. The procedure will not determine cyanide concentrations complexed. ...
-
Iodide Analysis in Water
Description: The following procedure is valid for iodide concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm. Check the deionized water used in reagent preparation. The specific conductivity should be no greater than 0.2 Scm-1. ...
-
Nitrate Analysis in Water
Description: The Iotron Nitrate Electrode is a liquid ion exchanger electrode with a thin, inert membrane. Nitrate in unpolluted and waste water in the range of 20-150 ppm can be determined by this method. Many ...
-
Silver Analysis in Water
Description: Analysis of silver in water to the range of 0.1 ppm silver may be performed utilizing the following procedure. The sample solution should be free of mercury. Collect the sample within eight hours of ...
-
Silver in Photographic Fixing Solutions
Description: The total concentration of silver present in fixing solutions may be determined over the range of 1M to 10-6M using the Iotrode Silver Electrode. Fixing solutions usually contain a sulfide-bisulfidte ...
-
Sodium Analysis in Processed Foods
Description: Sodium content of foods has become an important concern in our diet. The Iotron Sodium electrode allows a simple technique for fast routine measurement of sodium. ...
-
Sodium Analysis in Water
Description: Sodium measurements taken with glass sodium electrodes have been routinely taken for over 35 years. Next to pH, sodium electrode measurements are the most common use of ion selective electrodes. Low ...
-
Total Cyanide Analysis in Cadmium/Cyanide Bath
Description: Total cyanide may be measured directly with an Iotron Cyanide electrode in cadmium/cyanide baths. The measurement is based on the stability of the cadmium-cyanide complex. As cyanide concentrations ...
-
Total Cyanide Analysis in Zinc Plating Baths
Description: Total cyanide is measured directly with a cyanide electrode due to the stability of the zinc-cyanide complex. The following procedure should be used as a general guide for the analysis since zinc ...
-
Total Cyanide in Water Containing Heavy Metals
Description: Cyanide forms complexes with many types of metal ions. Cyanide electrodes however, respond only to free cyanide ions. The following method allows the user to temporarily break down the complexes and ...
-
Total Sulfide Determination in Water
Description: A major contributor to odor in drinking water is sulfide in the form of H2S. Utilizing the Iotrode Sulfide Electrode the user may determine sulfide in most water samples very simply. The only ...
-
Carbon Dioxide for pH Control
Description: For a number of years, sulfuric acid was used in water treatment facilities to control alkalinity. It's a product that works, but it also has may potential problems. Sulfuric acid can be difficult to ...
-
Guide to Minimizing User Errors in pH Measurements
Description: Over one hundred different compositions available from many different manufacturers None exhibit completely linear pH response in overall pH range specified Maximum available pH range: -2 to 16 pH in ...
-
Ion Selective Sensors and Electrodes Technologies for Industrially, Environmentally and Biologically Significant Ion Measurements - Complete Technical Paper
Description: Ion selective sensors have been used for analytical determination of a wide variety of ions since the 1900??s. Ion selective sensor??s utility and simplicity has replaced other wet analytical methods ...
-
Ion Selective Sensors and Electrodes Technologies for Industrially, Environmentally and Biologically Significant Ion Measurements - Powerpoint Style Slide Presentation
Description: Introduction and Significance of Ion Selective Electrochemistry Overview of Glass, Solid State and Ionophore Based Ion Selective Sensors and Reference Electrodes Characterization of Passive (Ionophore ...
-
Liquid Analysis in Mineral Processing
Description: This paper describes the process applications that take place after mining and prior to refining as they relate to pH / ORP, dissolved oxygen and conductivity.The implementation of the proper ...
-
How to Correctly and Cost-Effectively Calibrate Pressure Sensors for Critical Air Environments
From: Setra Systems
-
Panel Mountable Pressure Transducers
Description: Pressure transducers form a critical function in today's closed loop systems providing data for safety, control and alarm functions encountered in typical industrial applications such as heating ...
-
Temperature Effects on LVDT Characteristics
From: Macro Sensors
-
Monitoring Flammable Gases and Vapors in Sewage Lines and Treatment Facilities
Description: Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) collect wastewater from municipal, commercial and industrial facilities, transport it through a series of contributor pipes, known as a collection system, and ...
-
Direct Reading and Pneumatic Signal Reading: How and Why They Work
Description: Hydrostatic Head Pressure measurement is achieved by one of two basic methods; Direct Reading, side mounted or submerged sensor or Pneumatic Signal Reading (Bubbler). Each method has application ...
-
MEMS Pressure Sensor - Krystal Bond™ Technology by AST
Description: Krystal Bond™ Technology is an advanced process in which inorganic materials are molecularly diffused onto a metallic surface in the presence of certain gases. A diffusion takes place at a ...
-
Application Note: Foodstuffs
From: COSA Xentaur Corporation
-
Application Note: Petroleum Products
From: COSA Xentaur Corporation
-
Application Note: Pharmaceuticals
From: COSA Xentaur Corporation
-
Pressure Sensors Built to Withstand the Abuse of Hydrogen Applications
Description: The US government's announcement to fund development of alternative fuels to reduce dependency on foreign oil has resulted in a flurry of activity in the area of hydrogen. As an environmentally ...
-
Principles of Checkweighing
Description: Welcome to the Principles of Checkweighing. Hi-Speed first introduced "The Principles of Checkweighing" booklet in 1976. For years the booklets have been used by prospective and present checkweigher ...
- CCS 120 Chlorination/De-Chlorination in Activated Sludge
- CCS 120 Chlorine Sensor for Drinking Water
- Control of Discharging Gates in Silica Flour Vessel
- Discharging Control of Filter Dust
- Fractional Distillation Column Measurement
- Increased Backpressure for Promass
- Level Measurement in Corrosive Chemcial Bulk Storage and Day Tanks
- Levelflex and Micropilot Measurement in Reactor Vessels
- Levelflex Calcium Carbonate Measurement
- Levelflex FMP 332 Measurement of Quicklime
- Levelflex for Bulk Lime Bins
- Levelflex for Fly Ash Bins
- Levelflex for Lime and Soda Ash Storage Silos
- Levelflex M FMP 40 for Propylene Oxide Measurement
- Levelflex M FMP 40 Level Measurement in Coal Bunker
- Levelflex M FMP 40 Level Measurement in Corn Silos
- Levelflex M FMP 40 Level Measurement in Heavy Fuel
- Levelflex M FMP 40 Level Measurment of Waste Solvents
- Levelflex M FMP 40 Liquid Hexane Measurement
- Levelflex M High Temperature Measurement in Butane Diol
- Levelflex Measurement in Lime Silo
- Levelflex with Remote Housing for High Temperature Application
- Liquiphant and Nivotester (PFM) Overfill Protection for Critical Liquids
- Liquiphant M for Air Reduction in Food Processing
- Liquiphant M for Empty Pipe Detection in Jelly Production
- Liquiphant M for Empty Pipe Detection in PD Pump Protection
- Liquiphant M FTL 50 Limit Detection of Water
- Liquiphant M FTL 51 and Nivotester FTL 325P Limit Control
- Liquiphant M Replaces Flow Switch for Water Detection
- Liquiphant S High Temperature Overfill Protection