Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry: Instrumentation, Separation Techniques, Environmental Issues, Volume 5

Appendix Reference Data

R.B.Firestone 1 , G.L.Molnar 2

2 Isotopes Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA

2 Institute of Isotope and Surface Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Budapest, Hungary

1. STANDARDS FOR DETECTOR CALIBRATION

1.1 X- and gamma-ray sources

1.1.1 Wavelengths and energies

The latest values of the fundamental constants for X-ray standards are grouped in TABLE 1. The conversion of wavelengths to energies in keV is done by multiplying the reciprocal wavelength with the conversion factor 1.239 841 857(49) 10 ?9 keV m (Mohr and Taylor 1999, 2000, CODATA 2003). The database of X-ray wavelengths for elements (Bearden 1967) has recently been updated, adjusted to the new standards and compared with new calculations using the Dirac-Fock method (Deslattes 2003 a). Their values of X-ray energies for neon (Z=10) to fermium (Z=100) are also available on the Internet (Deslattes 2003b).

Table 1: Fundamental constants for X-ray standards (Mohr and Taylor 1999, 2000).

Quantity

Symbol

Value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. u r

Cu x unit: ?(CuK ? 1)/1537.400

xu(CuK ? 1)

1.002 077 03(28) 10 ?13

m

2.8 10 ?7

Mo x unit: ?(MoK ? 1/707.831

xu(MoK ? 1)

1.002 099 59(53) 10 ?13

m

5.3 10 ?7

ngstrom star: ?(WK ? 1)/0.2090100

*

1.000 015 01(90) 10 ?10

m

9.0 10 ?7

Lattice parameter [#] of Si (in vacuum, 22.5 C)

a

543.102 088(16) 10 ?12

m

2.9 10 ?8

{220} lattice spacing of Si: (in vacuum, 22.5 C)

d 220

192.015 5845(56) 10 ?12

m

2.9 10 ?8

Molar volume of Si:...

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