Offshore Pipelines
Written primarily for engineers and management personnel working on offshore and deepwater oil and gas pipelines, this text sets forth guidelines that can be employed to optimize pipeline development projects.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Offshore Pipelines
Unit Conversion Factors
Length
| 1 in. | = 25.4 mm |
| 1 ft | = 0.3048 m |
| 1 mile | = 1.609 km |
| 1 nautical mile | = 1.852 km |
| 1 fathom | = 6 ft = 1.8288 m |
Area
| 1 in 2 | = 6.4516 cm 2 |
| 1 ft 2 | = 0.0929 m 2 |
Volume
| 1 in 3 | = 16.387 cm 3 |
| 1 ft 3 | = 0.028317 m 3 |
Liquid Volume
| 1 oz | = 29.574 ml |
| 1 gal (US) | = 0.134 ft 3 = 3.785 l |
| 1 gal (Imp) | = 4.546 l |
| 1 barrel | = 42 gal (US) = 158.99 l = 5.6146 ft 3 |
Mass
| 1 lbm | = 0.4536 kg |
| 1 slug | = 1 lbf*sec 2/ft |
| 1 slug | = 32.174 lbm = 14.59 kg |
Force
| 1 lbf | = 4.448 N |
| 1 lbf | = 32.174 poundals |
| 1 N | = 1 kg*m/sec 2 = 0.225 lbf |
| 1 ton (short) | = 907.2 kg |
| 1 ton (long) | = 1016.0 kg |
| 1 lbf/ft | = 14.59 N/m |
| 1 lb/ft | = 1.488 kg/m |
| 1 lb/ft 2 | = 47.880 N/m 2 |
| 1 kN | = 224.8 lbf |
Density
| 1 lbf/in 3 | = 27.68 g/cm 3 |
| 1 lbf/ft 3 (pcs) | = 16.02 kg/m 3 |
Pressure or Stress
| 1 psi |
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