TABLE OF CONTENTS Nikolaos K. Uzunoglu
National Technical University of Athens
Following the experimental validation of James Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in 1884 by Heinrich Hertz, the first real technological application using electromagnetic waves in transmitting information signals was carried out by Guglielmo Marconi at the beginning of the 20th century.1 Marconi realized from the beginning of his work that the use of vertical metallic towers as antennas enables the radiation of low-frequency (LF) waves in the region of 50 100-kilohertz (kHz) and also provides efficient propagation by the ground wave propagation mechanism, although the exact computation of the field in this mode went through much testing, starting from the pioneering work of Sommerfeld and lasting into the 1940s with the work of...
